UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK THE EVOLUTION OF IRISH PEACEKEEPING 1978 -2016 By Eamonn Colclough A Doctoral Thesis submitted to the University of Limerick Date 30 June 2016 Supervisor: Professor Tom Lodge External Examiner: Professor Paul Rogers ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with how Irish peacekeeping policy and practice has evolved in response to the changing nature of international peacekeeping. It asks specific questions about how changes in international peacekeeping doctrine since the end of the Cold War have affected Irish peacekeeping policy and practice, and why, in the light of a more general disengagement by Western countries from peacekeeping, Ireland has continued to commit to a strong presence in international peacekeeping. The thesis explains what international peacekeeping is and describes the evolution of Irish peacekeeping policy and practice by reviewing the political and legislative changes in peacekeeping policy and the changing practices of peacekeeping by the Irish defence forces. In addition, four peacekeeping missions have been chosen as case studies; two of United Nations traditional peacekeeping missions and two of Regional Organisations peace-enforcement missions, namely, Lebanon, Côte d’Ivoire, Kosovo and Chad. The thesis will argue that Irish peacekeeping policy and practice has evolved slowly and has become a hybrid in which interpretation of enforcement mandates are conditioned by values and norms and organisational conventions which stretch back deeply into the force’s history. This thesis will argue that this is a not weakness, but a strength. Irish foreign policy prioritises a well regulated international environment and to that end Ireland is committed to active participation in international peacekeeping. This reflects a strong belief among politicians that peacekeeping helps to consolidate Irish international standing. The Irish army has an institutional interest in participation in peace enforcement operations with United Nations and Regional Organisations; indeed without such engagements it would have been reduced long ago to a very limited domestic range of functions to do with internal security and ceremonial. However, United Nations peacekeeping operations remain the main function of the Irish defence forces, enjoys cross-party political support, and continues to be a source of Irish patriotic pride. i DEDICATION To the eighty six Irish peacekeepers who have paid the ultimate sacrifice and died in the service of peace on United Nations peacekeeping missions ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A sincere thank you to my PhD supervisor at U.L. Professor Tom Lodge, who at all times offered me the highest standards of advice, criticism and support. Thanks are also due to my external examiner Professor Paul Rodgers of Durham University and my internal examiner Professor Neil Robinson of U.L. I would particularly like to thank my wife Jane, who was unstinting in her support for me and encouraged and cajoled me when my spirits began to lag. I would also like to thank my children: Amy, Sarah, Paul, Leah and Naomi, who supported and encouraged me throughout. A special thank you to my former army colleagues who were unstinting in their support and especially the interviewees: Lt General Pat Nash, Colonel Con McNamara, Colonel Paddy Moran, Colonel Pat McDaniel, Colonel Brian O’Keeffe, Commandant Gary McKeown and Sergeant Major Jimmy Kerrigan, all of whom gave generously of their time, and honestly and frankly answered my questions. I would like to acknowledge the invaluable services of Kim Arnold in the editing process. I would also like to acknowledge the support I received from the staff in the University of Limerick, especially Maura Adshead, Tracey Gleeson, Claire Ryan, Susan Mulcahy, and Niamh Lenahan, who were always available and ready to assist me when required. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF APPENDICES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii CHAPTER’s xi iv LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Irish Defence Spending 2008 – 2015 107 Table 4.2 Organisation Chart, the Irish Defence Forces 2015 108 Table 7.1 Yugoslav Census 224 Table 7.2 Kosovo Election Results 226 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5.1 Political Map of Lebanon 121 Figure 5.2 Distribution of Religious Groups in Lebanon and Population density 122 Figure 5.3 UNIFIL Deployment 1978 130 Figure 5.4 UNIFIL Zone and Israeli Controlled Enclave 1978-2000 132 Figure 5.5 Map Religions in UNIFIL AO 2010 134 Figure 5.6 UNIFIL Deployment 2014 138 Figure 5.7 UNIFIL Deployment 1978 141 Figure 5.8 Map: Towns and Villages South of the Litani River 147 Figure 5.9 UNIFIL Deployment August 2011 168 Figure 6.1 Location of main linguistic groups and tribal areas Côte D’Ivoire 187 Figure 6.2 Zone of Confidence, Cote d'Ivoire 2003 189 Figure 6.3 Deployment of FANCI, FN, ECOWAS & French forces, March 2003 191 Figure 6.4 Deployment of military forces in Côte d’Ivoire 2003 including MINUCI, FFCI, FANCI and Forces Nouvelle 208 Figure 7.1: Ethnic Distribution Federal Republic Yugoslavia 1990 223 Figure 7.2. KFOR Deployment 2008 239 Figure 7.3 Map Multinational Task Force Centre 2007 245 Figure 8.1 Map Chad 269 Figure 8.2 . Map of Chad and planned EUFOR positions 278 Figure 8.3 Irish Camp and the airfield in Gos Beida 290 Figure 8.4 Irish Army Mowag, Piranha APC 292 Figure 8.5 Dutch Marine Corps Viking Armoured Personnel Carriers 293 v LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1.1 Information Letter to Interviewees 318 Appendix 1.2 Consent Form Interviewees 320 Appendix 2.1 UN Reform Initiatives 321 Appendix 2.2 Security Sector Reform 324 Appendix 2.3 List of Observer Missions 326 Appendix 2.4 List of Irish Peacekeeping Missions 328 Appendix 3 Lessons Learned’ from the EUFOR Tchad/RCA mission. 329 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 332 Archival Sources 332 Interviews 332 List of Authors Contacts 333 Published Sources 335 vi List of Abbreviations AAK Alliance for Future of Kosovo AE’s Armed Element’s AID’s Acquired Immune Deficiency AJP 9 Allied Joint Publication 9 NATO Civil-Military Cooperation Doctrine AKR New Kosovo Alliance AO Area of Operations APC Armoured Personnel Carrier ARF Asian Regional Forum ASEAN Association of South-east Asian Nations ATCP Aid to the Civil Power BiH Bosnia Herzegovina CAO Chief Administrative Officer CAR Central African Republic C Coy C Company CFA The CFA franc is the name of two currencies used in Africa which are guaranteed by the French treasury CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIS Communication and Information Systems CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CIMIC Civil Military Cooperation CIVPOL Civilian Police CNN Cable News Network CRV’s Cavalry Reconnaissance Vehicles CSCE Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy CTS Chief of Technical Services DACOS Ops Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff Operations DAI Designated Areas of Interest DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reconciliation DF Defence Forces DFF De Facto Forces DFHQ Defence Forces Head Quarters DfID Department for International Aid DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EC European Community ECOMICI Economic Community of West African States Mission in Côte d’Ivoire ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECMM European Community Monitoring Mission EDC European Defence Community EEC European Economic Community EMCOCAS Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal EOR Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance ESS European Security Strategy ESST Engineer Special Search Team vii EU European Union EUFOR European Union Force EUMM European Union Monitoring Mission FANCI Forces Armées Nationales de Côte d'Ivoire FC Force Commander FFCI French Forces in Côte d’Ivoire FHQ Forward HQ FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FN Forces Nouvelles FPI The Ivorian Popular Front GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GPS Global Positioning System HF High Frequency HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HQ Headquarters IDF Israeli Defence Forces IDP’s Internally Displaced Persons IED Improvised Explosive Device IMF International Monitory Fund Info Ops Information Operations IRA Irish Republican Army Irish Batt Irish Battalion ISTAR Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance ISAF International Security Assistance Force (Afghanistan) JNA Yugoslav National Army JEM Justice and Equality Movement K9 Specially trained dog units KEK Kosovo Energetic Corporation KFOR Kosovo Force KIA Killed in Action KLA Kosovo Liberation Army KPS Kosovo Police Service KVM Kosovo Verification Mission LAF Lebanese Armed Forces LAUI’s Lebanese Armed and Uniformed by the Israeli Defence Forces LDK Democratic League of Kosovo LF Lebanese Forces LNM Lebanese National Movement LMT Liaison Monitoring Team Logs Logistics Mech Inf Coy Mechanised Infantry Company MINUCI United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire MINURCAT UN Mission in Chad and Central African Republic MLO’s Military Liaison Officers MNB Multinational Battalion MNTF (C) Multi National Task Force (Centre) MPCI Mouvement Patriotique de Cote D’Ivoire MSA Mission Subsistence Allowance viii MUP Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO’s IFOR NATO’s International Force (BiH) NGO Non Governmental Organisation OAS Organisation of American States OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OGB Observer Group Beirut OGE Observer Group Egypt OGG(T)