At the crossroads of big science, open science, and technology transfer Laia Pujol Priego http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669220 Rgtre. Fund. Generalitat de Catalunya núm. 472 (28-02-90) ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intelꞏlectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. 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Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. C. Claravall, 1-3 | 08022 Barcelona | Tel. 93 602 22 00 | Fax 93 602 22 49 | [email protected] | www.url.edu 90) - 02 - DOCTORAL THESIS Generalitat de Catalunya núm. 472 (28 472 núm. Catalunya de Generalitat Title At the crossroads of big science, open science, and technology transfer Rgtre. Fund. Rgtre. Fundació Fundació Presented by Laia Pujol Priego Centre Escola Superior d'Administració i Direcció d'Empreses ESADE Universitat Ramon Llull Llull Ramon Universitat Department Operations, Innovation and Data Sciences G: 59069740 59069740 G: . C.I.F Directed by Dr. Jonathan Wareham C. Claravall, 1-3 | 08022 Barcelona | Tel. 93 602 22 00 | Fax 93 602 22 49 | [email protected] | www.url.edu II I dedicate this PhD thesis to my husband David and my two daughters: Ona and Maria III IV Acknowledgements I could not imagine a better person to walk me through this journey: thank you, Jonathan. You have been a real mentor to me and you always will be. Thanks for trusting me and making me aim high. I have grown intellectually, analytically, and personally with you. You have taught me how to think, but also how to be. I have learned in every discussion, trying to answer your questions, but also observing you. You have taught me to interrogate our analysis with honesty, to dissect every argument, and to strive to say something meaningful, interesting, and good enough. These have been very intensive years and I can only feel very honoured to have spent them close to you. Thanks for all this and much more. I wish to thank the members of the dissertation committee for generously offering their time and valuable comments throughout their review of this document. Thanks, Markus Nordberg, Pablo Garcia Tello and all the people I had the privilege to meet at CERN for reminding me why I do research and how I want to do it. You are a real inspiration for me. I would also like to thank Javier, Erik, Maciej, Eduardo, Cesar, Felipe, and all White Rabbit community and extended family. You have been a fundamental piece in my journey and I feel very privileged to have been able to observe the amazing job you did. I would like to thank Jessica Vamathevan, David Hulcoop, and all the Open Targets people for being so generous with me and sharing the incredible and difficult work you are doing. I would like to thank Antonio Dávila for sharing his passion for teaching and research, and for believing in me. This journey started close to you and I will always be grateful for your wise counsels. I wish to express my gratitude to Paul Almeida for his support and for making possible such an intellectually growing experience at Georgetown. This was a year I will always remember. I am also grateful to Sabine Brunswicker for trusting me, for teaching me that results come after hard work, and for motivating me to strive for excellence. Thanks to Jean-Claude Burgelman for directing my attention towards a hot policy-relevant phenomenon that we are still striving to understand. Special thanks to Vicenta, Pilar, Silvia, and François for making this journey possible, as well as to Laura Castellucci and Victoria Cochrane for supporting me and making things simpler and easier along this process. Thanks for your professionalism but most importantly for your kindness. I cannot forget to say thank you to the amazing professors of the MRes who guided me with huge amounts of generosity. Thanks to Professor Eduard Bonet for inspiring me with your V narratives and for your kind support. I will always be grateful to Joan Manuel Batista who seeded the statistical pillars where I built my analytical thinking. I promise you not to follow the rituals. Finally, I wish to thank Ferran and Kobi for their treasured support, to my dearest friends for always being there, to my family who taught me that happiness is for the brave, to my daughters whose love makes us invincible, and to my husband David for sharing with me the passion for what we do, for his unbroken patience, for believing in this adventure, for his endless love. This research has been financially supported by SUR (Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca) of the DEC (Departament d’Economia i Coneixement) of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social Fund (grants 2017FI_B 00345; 2018FI_B1 00176; 2019FI_B200169). The research mobility has been partially supported by Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (CEI15-31) and Campus of International Excellence Aristos Campus Mundus (ACM2016_Movilidad_10). VI Abstract Big science infrastructures are confronting increasing demands for public accountability, not only within scientific discovery but also their capacity to generate secondary economic value. To build and operate their sophisticated infrastructures, big science often generates frontier technologies by designing and building technical solutions to complex and unprecedented engineering problems. In parallel, the previous decade has seen the disruption of rapid technological changes impacting the way science is done and shared, which has led to the coining of the concept of Open Science (OS). Governments are quickly moving towards the OS paradigm and asking big science centres to "open up” the scientific process. Yet these two forces run in opposition as the commercialisation of scientific outputs usually requires significant financial investments and companies are willing to bear this cost only if they can protect the innovation from imitation or unfair competition. This PhD dissertation aims at understanding how new applications of ICT are affecting primary research outcomes and the resultant technology transfer in the context of big science and OS. It attempts to uncover the tensions in these two normative forces and identify the mechanisms that are employed to overcome them. The dissertation is comprised of four separate studies: 1) A mixed-method study combining two large-scale global online surveys of research scientists (2016, 2018), with two case studies in high energy physics and molecular biology scientific communities that assess explanatory factors behind scientific data sharing practices; 2) A case study of Open Targets, an information infrastructure based upon data commons, where the European Molecular Biology Laboratory-EBI and pharmaceutical companies collaborate and share scientific data and technological tools to accelerate drug discovery; 3) A study of a unique dataset of 170 projects funded under ATTRACT—a novel policy instrument of the European Commission led by European big science infrastructures—which aims to understand the nature of the serendipitous process behind transitioning big science technologies to previously unanticipated commercial applications; and 4) A case study of White Rabbit technology, a sophisticated open-source hardware developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in collaboration with an extensive ecosystem of companies.