HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT NAME: Piggery Breeding Pens - PLACE: 26509 Loveday Internment Camp Complex ADDRESS: Costello Road, Loveday This heritage assessment considers that the place meets criterion (a). Refer to Summary of State Heritage Place for final approved wording, including criteria statements. Piggery Breeding Pens, Loveday Internment Camp Complex Source: DEW Files 15 August 2020 ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE Statement of Heritage Significance: The Loveday Internment Camp Complex is rare as it is the only purpose-built internment camp in South Australia during the Second World War and demonstrates a way of life, social customs and land use that is of exceptional historical interest. The Piggery Breeding Pens are an integral component of the Camp Complex and the only remaining physical fabric that demonstrates the agricultural operations undertaken by prisoners of war. Both POWs and civilian internees made a vital contribution to agricultural production during the Second World War when there was critical rural labour shortages. Built and Heritage South Australia, DEW 1 Piggery Breeding Pens, Loveday Internment Camp Complex (26509) operated initially by Japanese and then both Japanese and Iranian-German POWs between 1943 and 1946, the breeding pens were an integral part of piggery operations and contributed to South Australia’s food supplies. At the end of the war, the piggery became a civilian operation and the breeding pens continued to be used in the postwar years. Relevant South Australian Historical Themes The Piggery, Loveday Internment Camp demonstrates the following themes and subthemes in Historic Themes for South Australia (Draft 29 May 2020). 3. Governing South Australia 3.4 Defending South Australia and Australia 5. Developing South Australia’s economies 5.3 Developing primary production (pastoralism, agriculture, biosecurity) Comparability / Rarity / Representation: Detainment of Prisoners of War and Civilian Detainees The following section has been compiled by DASH Architects for the Western Cell Block, Camp 14, Loveday Internment Camp Complex Assessment Report and has only been lightly edited by Heritage South Australia. There are two places on the South Australian Heritage Register that are associated with the internment of prisoners of war during the Second World War in South Australia: • Former Gladstone Gaol (SHP 12704, listed 1985); Ward Street, Gladstone • Loveday Internment Camp Site - General Headquarters site (SHP 13761, listed 1989); Thiele Road, Loveday. The Gladstone Gaol was used as accommodation for Italian prisoners of war with forestry skills who worked in the Wirrabara and Bundaleer forests. There is no fabric at the gaol known to be directly associated with this period of use. However, the remains of charcoal kilns provide some evidence of the activities of the Italian prisoners who were professional carbonari (charcoal burners). The charcoal made in the kilns was used in gasifiers to make producer gas to fuel cars during wartime petrol rationing. The Loveday Internment Camp Site - General Headquarters (SHP13761), was used by the Australian Army to support its activities at the Loveday Internment Camp complex and did not house civilian internees or prisoners of war. The Headquarters site also does not reflect the significant agricultural work of detainees during the War – work that had a profound effect on the local landscape and economy. 2 Piggery Breeding Pens, Loveday Internment Camp Complex (26509) Heritage South Australia, DEW, February 2021 Recreation Hall, Loveday Internment Cell Block, Loveday Internment Camp - Camp - General Headquarters site. General Headquarters site, was used to Source: DEW Files 29 October 2020 detain Australian Army personnel and not internees and POWs Source: DEW Files 29 October 2020 A temporary internment camp located at Sandy Creek near Gawler was used to accommodate the Italian prisoners of war who worked on farms in the Adelaide Hills. Prior to the arrival of the POWs, the camp had been constructed to house American troops and consisted of tents surrounded by a barbed wire fence. Only a section of fence along Williamstown Road remains.1 Italian POWs (and later civilian internees) were employed as maintenance fettlers on the Trans-Continental Railway across the Nullarbor Plain. Evidence of some of their camp sites remain. They too were housed in tents with ephemeral kitchens and ablution buildings, which were shifted from place to place as the work required. Only concrete floors, stones and minor debris remain of the sites today.2 Piggeries & Pigsties There are two State Heritage Places listed in the Register that contain a piggery as a part of a broader farming complex and one State Heritage Place that includes a pigsty, namely: Homestead Complex, including main house, two cottages, shearing shed, stable and piggery, Palmer Road, Palmer (SHP 14486) Stagg Farm Complex (including substantial ruins of farmhouse, water closet, hay shed, implement shed, former pigsty, dam and old fencing), Tarcowie to Appila Road, Tarcowie (SHP 19043). Dwelling (‘Belmont’ formerly ‘Willapunga’), including Pise Outbuilding, Piggery Ruins, Galvanised Shed, Main Shed and Greenhouse Ruins, Old Norton Summit Road, Teringie (SHP 10632). Heritage South Australia, DEW 3 Piggery Breeding Pens, Loveday Internment Camp Complex (26509) Assessment against Criteria under Section 16 of the Heritage Places Act 1993. All Criteria have been assessed using the 2020 Guidelines. (a) it demonstrates important aspects of the evolution or pattern of the State’s history. Criterion arguments have considered the Guidelines for State Heritage Places: The place should be closely associated with events, developments or cultural phases which have played a significant part in South Australian history. Ideally it should demonstrate those associations in its fabric. Places will not normally be considered under this criterion if they are of a class of things that are commonplace, or frequently replicated across the State, places associated with events of interest only to a small number of people, places associated with developments of little significance, or places only reputed to have been the scene of an event which has left no trace or which lacks substantial evidence. The Piggery Breeding Pens at the Loveday Internment Camp Complex are associated with the detention of Japanese, German, and Italian prisoners of war and civilian internees in South Australia during the Second World War and demonstrate the use of detainee labour to produce food for both the civilian population and Australian troops engaged in conflict overseas. The Loveday Internment Camp Complex was the largest constructed in Australia and the only purpose-built internment camp in South Australia. Military service and industrial production during the war resulted in a shortage of rural workers and while the Australian Women’s Land Army partly filled that gap, POWs and civilian internees became a critical part of the rural workforce. So much so that the Australian government shipped additional prisoners held in camps in India to Australia to supplement the rural workforce. While the Australian government did not officially employ detainees for agricultural production until 1943, the detainees at Loveday had begun growing food, ostensibly to supplement camp supplies from as early as 1941, or shortly after the arrival of the first internees. The piggery was established between June and September 1943, with the first livestock arriving on 28 September. The breeding pens were built by Japanese POWs in October 1943 who then undertook much of the labour at the piggery. Later, some German POWs also worked there as a condition of breaking a strike by the Japanese POWs. The Loveday Internment Camp Complex is significant as it is the only purpose-built internment facility in South Australia and demonstrates the role South Australia played in securing POWs and civilian detainees during the Second World War. While the already State Heritage listed General Headquarters site (SHP 13761) demonstrates some of the activities of the Australian Army who were responsible for guarding the POWs and internees, it does not demonstrate the vital role played by the detainees in assisting South Australia and the nation to achieve food security during the war. 4 Piggery Breeding Pens, Loveday Internment Camp Complex (26509) Heritage South Australia, DEW, February 2021 The piggery was one of a number of agricultural activities undertaken at Loveday and the breeding pens which are an integral part of piggery operations is now all that remains to demonstrate the vital contribution of the camp complex and detainees to food supplies. It was here that the piglets that would go onto become pork and bacon and assist in feeding the civilian population were born and raised until old enough to be weaned. Once weaned the pigs were moved to one of a number of paddocks that formed the rest of the piggery where they were able to free range while growing to market size. The pigs were fed on food scraps collected from the camps and also fattened on grain for market. During its operational life under military control, the piggery produced over 1,700 pigs, many of which were born in the breeding pens. At the end of the war, much of the Loveday Internment Camp Complex was dismantled and sold, however, the piggery became a civilian operation and the breeding pens continued to be used. While the roof structure over the pens, wooden fencing, loading ramp and boiler house