No One Left Behind? A Study on the Intersection of Women’s Rights and HIV/AIDS in Uganda This report is a project of the International Human Rights Clinic, an experiential learning course in the International Law and Organizations Program at Johns Hopkins University – The Paul H. Nitze School of International Studies (SAIS). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not refect the offcial position of Johns Hopkins University (SAIS) or Johns Hopkins University. © Copyright 2018. International Law and Organizations Program of The Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). All rights reserved. Reproduction or modifcation for distribution or republication is permitted only with prior written consent of the International Law and Organizations Program. © Cover art copyright Adobe Stock Contributors Tiffany Basciano Kristin Buchanan Tiffany Cox Aieshwarya Davis Eleanor Dickens Daphne Panayotatos Gheeeun Song Yushuang Sun Radhika Venkataraman Ponsawan Watanasathorn Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Methods .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Design and Sampling .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Research Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Part I: Background ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 The HIV/AIDS Epidemic ................................................................................................................................... 10 History of HIV/AIDS in Uganda .............................................................................................................. 10 Key Populations ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Key Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Government of Uganda ........................................................................................................................... 13 Foreign Donors ........................................................................................................................................ 14 United States .................................................................................................................................... 14 Sweden ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Norway ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Denmark ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Ireland .............................................................................................................................................. 17 International Multilateral Organizations ................................................................................................ 18 UNAIDS............................................................................................................................................ 18 The Global Fund to fght AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ............................................................. 18 UN Women ....................................................................................................................................... 18 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ......................................................................... 19 International Labour Organization (ILO) ........................................................................................ 19 International Organization for Migration (IOM) ............................................................................ 20 Civil Society Organizations ..................................................................................................................... 20 Private Sector ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Development Goals ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ................................................................................................. 26 Sustainable Development Goal 3 and HIV/AIDS ............................................................................ 27 Uganda National Development Plan and HIV/AIDS ...................................................................... 28 Uganda’s Legal Framework ............................................................................................................................... 30 International Human Rights Law and Enforcement Mechanisms ........................................................ 30 International Human Rights Law ..................................................................................................... 30 Women’s Rights ..................................................................................................................... 32 Labor Rights ........................................................................................................................... 33 United Nations Human Rights Council .................................................................................. 34 Special Procedures ........................................................................................................ 34 Universal Periodic Review ........................................................................................... 34 Regional Law ............................................................................................................................................ 35 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.............................................................................. 35 Maputo Protocol .............................................................................................................................. 35 Abuja Declaration ............................................................................................................................ 36 Domestic Law ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Incorporation of International Law into Domestic Law .................................................................. 37 Constitution of Uganda .................................................................................................................... 37 The HIV Prevention and Control Act .............................................................................................. 38 Domestic Violence Act ...................................................................................................................... 38 Legal Restrictions on Human Rights Defenders .............................................................................. 38 Public Order Management Act (POMA) ......................................................................................... 39 Non-Governmental Organisations Act (NGO Act) ......................................................................... 39 Pending Legislation ......................................................................................................................... 39 The Marriage and Divorce Bill/Marriage Bill ....................................................................... 39 The Sexual Offences Bill ....................................................................................................... 40 Healthcare Structure .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Public Hospitals and Private/NGO-funded facilities ............................................................................. 40 National Medical Stores .......................................................................................................................... 43 NGO or FBO-run Clinics ......................................................................................................................... 43 Cultural Factors ................................................................................................................................................ 44 Background .............................................................................................................................................