Notes PART !~CHAPTER 1 Hallam Tennyson, born 10 December 1920, is Sir Charles Tennyson's youngest and only surviving son. Educated at Eton and Balliol, he spent the war in Egypt and Italy with the Friends' Ambulance Unit and later, with his wife, started a rural reconstruction programme in West Bengal for the American Quakers. Six years as a freelance writer and journalist followed; he published a book of short stories, The Wall of Dust (1948), a biography, books of history, travel and biography and a novel about India, The Dark Goddess (1958). From 1956 until 1979 he worked for the BBC, retiring as Assistant Head of Radio Drama. He broadcasts frequently and has written many plays and documentaries for radio and television. This lecture was delivered on 9 May 1979, under the auspices of the Lincoln County Council. 1. Wordsworth's Prelude (de Selincourt edition, Oxford University Press, 1933). 2. Ibid., Book II, 1, 69-71; Book VIII, 1, 404-9. 3. Across the Gaps, first broadcast 26 December 1974; text and recording in BBC Radio Archives. 4. Wordsworth's Prelude, op. cit., Book II, 1, 447. 5. Ibid., Book II, 1, 282-3. 6. Ibid., Book II, 1, 272-6. 7. Margot Asquith, Autobiography, vol. (1962 edition: Eyre & Spottiswoode), p. 137. 8. Lionel Tennyson (Macmillan, 1891; privately printed), Tennyson Research Centre, Lincoln, p. 1. 9. This tradition comes from the family of Annie Thackeray Ritchie. It is known that Annie's husband, Richmond, was in love with Eleanor during her four years of widowhood. 10. Lionel Tennyson, op. cit., p. 49. 11. Charles Tennyson, Stars and Markets (Chatto & Windus, 1957), p. 56. 12. David Garnett, The Flowers of the Forest (Chatto & Windus, 1955). 13. Lionel, later the third Lord Tennyson, was to become Captain of Hampshire, and later England, at cricket. He was the father of Harold, the present Lord Tennyson. 14. Charles Tennyson, Stars and Markets, op. cit., p. 260. 15. Ibid., p. 65. 16. Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey, vol. 1 (Heinemann, 1967), pp. 407 and 419. 17. Charles Tennyson, Stars and Markets, op. cit., pp. 103-4. 18. Ronald W. Clark, The Life of Bertrand Russell (Jonathan Cape and 206 Notes 207 Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975), p. 126. 19. Cf. V. Sackville-West, Pepita (Hogarth Press, 1937). 20. Spectator, review of The Psychology of Prestige (3 January 1914), pp. 24-5. 21. Ibid. (21 June 1953), p. 1004. 22. Ibid. (23 November 1912), p. 861. 23. Ibid. (29 November 1913), p. 915. 24. Ibid. (13 July 1912), pp. 60-1. 25. Charles Tennyson, Cambridge from Within (Chatto & Windus, 1913). 26. Cf. Charles Tennyson, Stars and Markets, op. cit., pp. 147-51. 27. Charles Tennyson, Life's All a Fragment (Cassell, 1953), p. 188. Julian Tennyson went on to write Suffolk Scene (1939), perhaps the first 'County Book' to achieve high status as literature. His adolescent poetry freely quoted in Life's All a Fragment shows astonishing facility as well as feeling. 28. Cf. Alfred Tennyson, especially Part I, chapters 2, 4 and 6, and Part II, chapter 2. 29. Cf. Across the Gaps, op. cit. 30. Wordsworth's Prelude, op. cit. 31. Gerard Manley Hopkins, Selected Poems (Heinemann, 1953), p. 64. PART I-CHAPTER 2 Robert Bernard Martin was born on 11 September 1918. He taught at Princeton University from 1951 until 1975; since then he has been Professor Emeritus of English, Princeton University. He is a BA, University of Iowa; MA, Harvard University; BLitt, Oxford University, and now lives and works in Oxford. His principal publications are A Companion to Victorian Literature (1955); Charles Kingsley's American Notes: Letters from a Lecture Tour (1958); The Dust of Combat: A Life of Charles Kingsley ( 1959); Enter Rumour: Four Early Victorian Scandals (1962); Victorian Poetry: Ten Major Poets (1964); The Accents of Persuasion: Charlotte Bronte's Novels (1966); The Triumph of Wit: A Study ol Victorian Comic Theory (1974). His full-length biography of Alfred Tennyson was published in 1980. He has also written four thrillers under the pseudonym of 'Robert Bernard'. This lecture was delivered on 9 March 1979 to the Tennyson Society in Lincoln. 1. Charles Tennyson, Stars and Markets (Chatto & Windus, 1957), p. 11. 2. Ibid., p. 257. 3. Ibid., p. 260. 4. Sir Charles Tennyson: An Annotated Bibliography of his Published Writings (1973); A Supplement to the Bibliography ofSir Charles Tennyson, Tennyson Research Bulletin, vol. 3 (November 1977), pp. 6-9. 5. Spectator (4 October 1913 and 2 December 1911). 6. 'The Future of the Classics', Contemporary Review, vol. XCVI (December 1909), Literary Supplement, p. I. 7. Spectator (6 July 1912), p. 22. 208 Studies in Tennyson 8. 'Tennyson and his Brothers, Frederick and Charles', in Tennyson and his Friends, (ed.) Hallam Lord Tennyson (1911), p. 68. 9. Spectator (22 February 1913), pp. 317-18. 10. Ibid. 'New Lives of the Poets' (16 May 1914), p. 836. II. Charles Tennyson, Cambridge from Within (Chatto & Windus, 1913), p. 40. 12. Charles Tennyson, Stars and Markets (Chatto & Windus, 1957), p. 124. 13. Charles Tennyson, Six Tennyson Essays (Cassell, 1954), p. 162. PART II-CHAPTER I W. W. Robson was born on 20 June 1923 and was a scholar of New College, Oxford, 1941-4 (BA, 1944; MA, 1948). He has been Masson Professor of English Literature at the University of Edinburgh since 1972. He was a Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1948-70, and Professor of English, University of Sussex, 1970-2. His publications include English as a University Subject (Cambridge University Press, 1965); Critical Essays (Routledge, 1966); The Signs Among Us (Routledge, 1968); Modern English Literature (Oxford University Press, 1978). He is the author of many uncollected articles and essays. I. Christopher Ricks, Tennyson (Macmillan, 1972). 2. Blake, Songs of Experience. 3. Keats, 'Ode to a Nightingale'. 4. R. W. Rader, Tennyson's 'Maud': the Biographical Genesis (University of California Press, 1966), pp. 1-2. 5. Quoted by Rader, ibid., p. 98. 6. C. S. Lewis, Of Other Worlds (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), p. 67. 7. T. S. Eliot, On Poetry and Poets (Faber & Faber, 1957), p. 244. PART II-CHAPTER 2 Christopher Ricks was born on 18 September 1933 and educated at King Alfred's School, Wantage, and Balliol College, Oxford: BA, 1956; BLitt, 1958; MA, 1960; Junior Research Fellow, Balliol College, 1957; Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, 1958-68; Professor of English, Bristol University, 1968-75; Visiting Professor, Berkeley and Stanford, 1965; Harvard, 1971; Wesleyan, 1974; Brandeis, 1977. Christopher Ricks was appointed Professor of English at the University of Cambridge in 1975. A Vice-President of the Tennyson Society, Professor Ricks' publications include Milton's Grand Style (1963); The Poems of Tennyson (1969) (editor); Tennyson (1972); Keats and Embarrassment ( 1974). This lecture was delivered on 23 February 1979 at King's College, Cambridge. I. Eversley edition (1907-8). 2. The author adapts here, as elsewhere, some paragraphs from his Tennyson (Macmillan, 1972). Full references for parallel passages from other poets are only given when these do not appear in Tennyson. Notes 209 3. Ibid., pp. 298-312. 4. Wordsworth, 'Descriptive Sketches'. 5. Richard Holt Hutton, Literary Essays (1888); reprinted in Tennyson: The Critical Heritage, ed. John D. Jump (Routledge, 1967), p. 364. 6. Humphry House, All in Due Time (Hart-Davis, 1955), p. 125. 7. Coleridge, The Ancient Mariner, II, 585-7. 8. Alexander Pope, Eloisa to Abelard. 9. Ricks, Tennyson, op. cit., p. 65. 10. Shelley, 'Alastor'. 11. T. S. Eliot, Selected Essays (Faber & Faber, 3rd edition, 1951 ), p. 336. 12. Keats, 'Hyperion'. 13. James Thomson, 'Autumn'. 14. Shakespeare, Sonnet 86. 15. Milton, Paradise Lost, Book I, II 312-15. 16. The author discusses this in 'Allusion: the Poet as Heir' in Studies in the Eighteenth Century, ed. R. F. Brissenden and J. C. Eade (1976), pp. 209-10. 17. Wordsworth, 'Ode on the Intimations of Immortality'. 18. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, III, iv, 204. 19. For a discussion of Pope's 'reflected grace' within an allusion to Milton, see 'Allusion: the Poet as Heir', op. cit., p. 210. 20. J. B. Broadbent, Paradise Lost: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 100, 102. 21. Pope, The Dunciad(l728-9), i, 115-6. 22. Wordsworth, 'Tintern Abbey', II 102-7. 23. G. G. Loane, Echoes in Tennyson (Arthur H. Stockwell, 1928). 24. Churton Collins, Illustrations of Tennyson (Chatto & Windus, 1891), pp. vii, 23. 25. For a discussion of this, see 'Allusion: the Poet as Heir', op. cit., pp. 210-11. 26. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, I, v. 27. From 'Ford Madox Ford' by Robert Lowell in Life Studies(Faber& Faber, 1959). 28. Geoffrey Hill, 'Lachrimae: Pavana Dolorosa' from Tenebrae (Andre Deutsch, 1978). 29. Wordsworth, Prelude, VI, 624-5. This section of the Prelude was published in 1845, well before Tennyson's revision of his early poem, 'Tithon'. 30. William Empson, 'Missing Dates' from Collected Poems (Chatto & Windus, 1955). 31. From 'Wherefore in these dark ages of the Press' quoted from an unpublished manuscript in the author's Tennyson, op. cit., p. 161. 32. Wordsworth said of his decision to do without poetic diction: 'it has necessarily cut me off from a large portion of phrases and figures of speech whichfromfather to son have long been regarded as the common inheritance of Poets' (from the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Ricks' italics). 33. Robert Lowell's To Delmore Schwartz' has the poet Schwartz say: 'We poets in our youth begin in sadness;jtherefore in the end comes despondency and madness'. 34. Ricks, Tennyson, op. cit., pp. 65-6. 35. Mem., i, 318. 36. Milton, Paradise Lost, Book I, II 500-2. 210 Studies in Tennyson 37.