Appendix 1. Search Strategy MEDLINE(Pubmed) 1. "Musculoskeletal Manipulations"[Mesh] 2. "Chiropractic"[Mesh] 3. "Osteopathic Medicine"[Mesh] 4. (orthopaedic[TIAB] or orthopedic[TIAB] or chiropract*[TIAB] or chirother*[TIAB] or osteopath*[TIAB] or spine[TIAB] or spinal[TIAB] or vertebra*[TIAB] or craniocervical[TIAB] or craniosacral[TIAB] or "cranio sacral"[TIAB] or cervical[TIAB] or lumbar[TIAB] or occiput[TIAB] or invertebral[TIAB] or thoracic[TIAB] or sacral[TIAB] or sacroilial[TIAB] or joint*[TIAB]) AND (manipulat*[TIAB] or adjustment*[TIAB] or mobilis*[TIAB] or mobiliz*[TIAB] or traction*[TIAB]) 5. (manual[TIAB] or manipulat*[TIAB] or mobilis*[TIAB] or mobiliz*[TIAB]) AND (therap*[TIAB] or intervention*[TIAB] or treat*[TIAB] or rehab*[TIAB]) 6. osteopath*[TIAB] or chiropractic*[TIAB] or chirother*[TIAB] or "friction massage*"[TIAB] or naprapath*[TIAB] or Rolfing[TIAB] or "myofascial release"[TIAB] or "Bowen technique"[TIAB] or "apophyseal glide*"[TIAB] or "bone setting"[TIAB] or bonesetting[TIAB] or "body work*"[TIAB] or "high-velocity low-amplitude"[TIAB] or HVLA[TIAB] or Maitland[TIAB] or Kaltenborn[TIAB] or Evejenth[TIAB] or Evjenth[TIAB] or Mulligan[TIAB] or McKenzie[TIAB] or Cyriax[TIAB] or Mills[TIAB] or Mennell[TIAB] or Stoddard[TIAB] or Chuna[TIAB] or Tuina[TIAB] 7. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 8. economics[Mesh:NoExp] or "costs and cost analysis"[Mesh] or "economics, dental"[Mesh] or "economics, hospital"[Mesh] or "economics, medical"[Mesh] or "economics, nursing"[Mesh] or "economics, pharmaceutical"[Mesh] or economic*[TIAB] or cost[TIAB] or costs[TIAB] or costly[TIAB] or costing[TIAB] or price[TIAB] or prices[TIAB] or pricing[TIAB] or pharmacoeconomic*[TIAB] or (expenditure*[TIAB]) NOT energy[TIAB] or value for money[TIAB] or budget*[TIAB] 9. "Randomized Controlled Trial" [PT] OR trial*[TI] OR groups[TIAB] OR placebo*[TIAB] OR random*[TIAB] 10. 7 AND 8 AND 9 EMBASE 1. 'manipulative medicine'/exp 2. ((orthopaedic OR orthopedic OR chiropract* OR chirother* OR osteopath* OR spine OR spinal OR vertebra* OR craniocervical OR craniosacral OR "cranio sacral" OR cervical OR lumbar OR occiput OR invertebral OR thoracic OR sacral or sacroilial OR joint*) NEAR/3 (manipulat* OR adjustment* OR mobilis* OR mobiliz* OR traction*)):ab,ti 3. ((manual OR manipulat* OR mobilis* OR mobiliz*) NEAR/3 (therap* OR intervention* OR treat* OR rehab*)):ab,ti 4. (osteopath* OR chiropractic* OR chirother* OR 'friction massage' OR naprapath* OR Rolfing OR 'myofascial release' OR 'Bowen technique' OR 'apophyseal glide' OR 'bone setting' OR bonesetting OR 'body work' OR 'high-velocity low-amplitude' OR HVLA OR Maitland OR Kaltenborn OR Evejenth OR Evjenth OR Mulligan OR McKenzie OR Cyriax OR Mills OR Mennell OR Stoddard OR Chuna OR Tuina):ab,ti 5. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 6. 'economic evaluation'/exp or 'health care cost'/exp or 'pharmacoeconomics'/exp 7. (economic* OR cost OR costs OR costly OR costing OR price OR prices OR pricing OR pharmacoeconomic* OR (expenditure* NOT energy) OR value for money OR budget*):ab,ti 8. 6 OR 7 9. 'randomized controlled trial':it OR 'clinical trial':it OR random*:ab,ti OR placebo*:ab,ti OR trial:ti OR groups:ab 10. 5 AND 8 AND 9 The Cochrane Library 1. MeSH descriptor: [Musculoskeletal Manipulations] explode all trees 2. MeSH descriptor: [Chiropractic] explode all trees 3. MeSH descriptor: [Osteopathic Medicine] explode all trees 4. ((orthopaedic or orthopedic or chiropract* or chirother* or osteopath* or spine or spinal or vertebra* or craniocervical or craniosacral or "cranio sacral" or cervical or lumbar or occiput or invertebral or thoracic or sacral or sacroilial or joint*) NEAR/3 (manipulat* or adjustment* or mobilis* or mobiliz* or traction*)):ab,ti 5. ((manual or manipulat* or mobilis* or mobiliz*) NEAR/3 (therap* or intervention* or treat* or rehab*)):ab,ti 6. (osteopath* or chiropractic* or chirother* or 'friction massage' or naprapath* or Rolfing or 'myofascial release' or 'Bowen technique' or 'apophyseal glide' or 'bone setting' or bonesetting or 'body work' or 'high-velocity low-amplitude' or HVLA or Maitland or Kaltenborn or Evejenth or Evjenth or Mulligan or McKenzie or Cyriax or Mills or Mennell or Stoddard or Chuna or Tuina):ab,ti 7. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 8. MeSH descriptor: [Economics] this term only 9. MeSH descriptor: [Costs and Cost Analysis] explode all trees 10. MeSH descriptor: [Economics, Dental] explode all trees 11. MeSH descriptor: [Economics, Hospital] explode all trees 12. MeSH descriptor: [Economics, Medical] explode all trees 13. MeSH descriptor: [Economics, Nursing] explode all trees 14. MeSH descriptor: [Economics, Pharmaceutical] explode all trees 15. (economic* or cost or costs or costly or costing or price or prices or pricing or pharmacoeconomic* or (expenditure* NOT energy) or value for money or budget*):ab,ti 16. 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15 17. 7 AND 16 18. MeSH descriptor: [Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic] explode all trees 19. random*:ti,ab,kw or placebo*:ti,ab,kw or groups:ab or trial*:ti 20. MeSH descriptor: [Animals] explode all trees 21. MeSH descriptor: [Humans] explode all trees 22. (18 or 19 not (20 not (20 and 21))) 23. 17 and 22 .