Indigenous Women, iv Climate Change & Forests Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) The South East Asia Experience i Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004): Volume II - The South Asia Experience Tebtebba Foundation Copyright © TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. The views expressed by the writers do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher. Published by Tebtebba Foundation No. 1 Roman Ayson Road 2600 Baguio City Philippines Tel. +63 74 4447703 * Tel/Fax: +63 74 4439459 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.tebtebba.org Writers: Sanjaya Serchan, Om Gurung, Raja Devasish Roy, Sanjeeb Drong, Mangal Kumar Chakma, Françoise Pommaret, Dawa Lhamo, Walter Fernandes, Gita Bharali, Vemedo Kezo, Joseph Marianus Kujur, T. A. John and The Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge, Yunnan, China Editor: Arellano Colongon, Jr. Copy Editor: Raymond de Chavez Cover Design, Lay-out and Production: Paul Michael Q. Nera & Raymond de Chavez Assistant: Marly Cariño Printed in the Philippines by Valley Printing Specialist Baguio City, Philippines ISBN: 978-971-0186-06-8 Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) ii The South East Asia Experience Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) The South East Asia Experience iii Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) iv The South East Asia Experience Table of Contents Acronyms ..................................................................... vi Overview ....................................................................... 1 Volume II: South Asia Case Studies .............................. 51 1 Indigenous Peoples in Nepal: An Assessment of the UN International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) ............................................... 53 2 An Assessment of the United Nations First International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People in Bangladesh .............................................. 89 3 An Assessment of the First International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People in Asia: A Bhutanese Perspective .......................................... 145 4 An Assessment of First International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People in India .......................... 181 5 An Assessment of the UN International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People in Northeastern India ................................................... 277 6 Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China: An Assessment of the International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People ................................................... 367 Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) The South East Asia Experience v Acronymns ADB Asian Development Bank AIPP Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact AL&RR Assam Land and Revenue Regulations ANIJ Association of Nepal Indigenous Journalists ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency AusAID Australian Government Overseas Aid Program BALCO Bharat Aluminium Limited Company BDOs Block Development Officers BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies BIHPAA Bangladesh Indigenous and Hill Peoples Association for Advancement BMC Biodiversity Management Committee BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party BPKIHS B.P. Koirala Institute of Health and Sciences CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBS Centre for Bhutan Studies CBIK Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge CCR Co-ordination Committee for Rehabilitation CHOLEN CHT Children’s Opportunities for Learning Enhanced CHT Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTRC CHT Regional Council CIC Central Information Commission CNT Chotanagpur Tenancy CPC Communist Party of China CPN-Moaist Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist CPRs Communal Property Resources CSP Country Development Strategy Paper DAC District Autonomous Council DAG Disadvantaged Groups DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DC Deputy Commissioner DCs District Councils DDA Dzongkha Development Authority DFID Department for International Development DFID/ESP Department for International Development/Enabling State Program DP Displaced People DPs Displaced Persons DYT Dzongkhag Yargey Tshogchung Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) vi The South East Asia Experience EFA Expanded Food Assistance EIA Environmental Impact Assessments EU European Union FDST Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes FGD Focus Group Discussion GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GS Gram Sabhas GSEA Gender and Social Exclusion Assessment GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation GYT Gewog Yargey Tshogchung HDI Human Development Index HDC Hill District Council HPC Hill Peoples’ Council HSC Hill Student Council HSLC High School Leaving Certificate HTNF Hill Tracts NGO Forum HYV High Yield Variety ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ICITP International Confederation of Indigenous and Tribal People ICT Information and Communication Technology IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILCS Institute of Language and Culture Studies ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMR Infant Mortality Rate IPDP Indigenous Peoples’ Development Plans IPs Indigenous Peoples IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme ISDP Integrated Sustainable Development Programme (ISDP) ISI Indian Social Institute ITDP Integrated Area Development Project IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JAC Jum Aesthetics Council JEP Janajati Empowerment Project JFM Joint Forest Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) The South East Asia Experience vii JOHAR Jharkhandis Organization for Human Rights JP Jatiyo Party LAHURNIP Lawyers Association for the Human Rights of Nepalese Indigenous Peoples LGED Local Government Engineering Department MAA Mining Amendment Acts MADA Modified Area Development Approach MDG Millennium Development Goals MEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MFPs Minor Forest Produce MLAs Members of Legislative Assembly MLR&LR Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act 1960 MMR Maternal Mortality Rate MMRD Mines and Minerals Regulation and Development MNCs Multinational Companies MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MPFLR Movement for the Protection of Forest and Land Rights MPs Members of Parliament MRG Minority Rights Group MRTP Act Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act MVA Manipur Village Authorities NAC National Advisory Council NACC National Coordination Committee NAP National Agriculture Policy NAV&AC Nagaland Village and Area Council NBA Narmada Bachao Andolan NBA National Biodiversity Authority NC North Cachar NCDN National Committee for Development of Nationalities NCMP National Common Minimum Programme NCWA National Commission on Women and Children NEC North Eastern Council NEDFi Northeast Development Financial Corporation, Ltd NEFEN Nepal Federation of Nationalities NEFIN Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities NFDIN National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities NFWP National Food for Work Programme NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NHRAP National Human Rights Action Plan NHRC National Human Rights Commission NMP National Mineral Policy NPC National People’s Congress Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) viii The South East Asia Experience NPMHR Naga Peoples’ Movement for Human Rights NPRR National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme NSB National Statistical Bureau NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products NWDPRA National Watershed Development Programme for Rain-Fed Areas PAAs Project-Affected Areas PAF Poverty Alleviation Fund PAPs Project-Affected Persons PBRs People’s Biodiversity Registers PCJSS Parbatta Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti PCP Pahari Chatra Parishad PESA Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas PILs Public Interest Litigations PKSF Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation PMU Project Management Unit PPCC People’s Political Consultative Congress PRIs Panchayati Raj Institutions PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PTGs Primitive Tribal Groups RAPA Royal Academic of Performing Arts RADO Rehabilitation and Area Development Organization R&R Resettlement and Rehabilitation SAD Special Affairs Division SANE Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology SAPI South Asian Peoples Initiative SBB State Biodiversity Board SC Scheduled Castes SC Supreme Court SEAC State Ethnic Affairs Commission SEHD Society for Environment and Human Development SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SEZ Special Economic Zone SICs State Information Commissions SMCs School Management Committees SPT Santal Pargana Tenancy SSP Sardar Sarovar Project STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDCCs State Tribal Development Cooperative Corporation STs Scheduled Tribes Assessing the First Decade of the World’s Indigenous People (1995-2004) The South East Asia Experience ix TLR&LR Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms TRIFED Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd.