Ballenger’s Manual of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery James B. Snow Jr, MD Professor Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Former Director, National Institute of Deafness and other Communicative Disorders, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 2002 BC Decker Hamilton • London BC Decker Inc P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7 Tel: 905-522-7017; 800-568-7281 Fax: 905-522-7839; 888-311-4987 E-mail: [email protected] www.bcdecker.com © 2003 BC Decker Inc All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by an means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. 02 03 04 05/GSA/9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 1-55009-199-9 Printed in Spain Sales and Distribution United States U.K., Europe, Scandinavia, Mexico and Central America BC Decker Inc Middle East ETM SA de CV P.O. 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Box 878 E-mail: fd igaku-shoin.co.jp www.harcourt.com.au @ Kimberton, PA 19442 Tel: 610-827-1640 Fax:610-827-1671 E-mail: [email protected] Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord with the accepted standard and practice at the time of publication. However, since research and regulation constantly change clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended doses, warnings, and contra- indications. This is particularly important with new or infrequently used drugs. Any treatment regimen, particularly one involving medication, involves inherent risk that must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against the benefits anticipated. The reader is cautioned that the purpose of this book is to inform and enlighten; the information contained herein is not intended as, and should not be employed as, a substitute for individual diagnosis and treatment. CONTENTS Preface . James B. Snow Jr, MD 1. Diagnostic Audiology, Hearing Aids, and Habilitation Options . 1 James W. Hall III, PhD, M. Samantha Lewis, MA 2. Evaluation of the Vestibular (Balance) System . 12 Neil T. Shepard, PhD, David Solomon, MD, PhD, Michael Ruckenstein, MD, Jeffery Staab, MD 3. Diseases of the External Ear. 21 Timothy T.K. Jung, MD, PhD, Tae Hoon Jinn, MD 4. Otitis Media and Middle Ear Effusions . 34 Gerald B. Healy, MD, Kristina W. Rosbe, MD 5. Chronic Otitis Media . 46 Steven A. Telian, MD, Cecelia E. Schmalbach, MD 6. Cranial and Intracranial Complications of Acute and Chronic Otitis Media . 58 Lee A. Harker, MD 7. Otosclerosis . 75 Herman A. Jenkins, MD, Omid Abbassi, MD, PhD 8. Hereditary Hearing Impairment . 85 Richard J.H. Smith, MD, Stephen W. Hone, MD 9. Trauma to the Middle Ear, Inner Ear, and Temporal Bone. 98 Mitchell K. Schwaber, MD 10. Occupational Hearing Loss . 110 Peter W. Alberti, MB, PhD 11. Ototoxicity. 121 Leonard P. Rybak, MD, PhD, John Touliatos, MD 12. Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss . 128 Robert A. Dobie, MD vi Contents 13. Perilymphatic Fistulae . 134 Robert I. Kohut, MD 14. Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease . 140 Jeffrey P. Harris, MD, PhD, Elizabeth M. Keithley, PhD 15. Meniere’s Disease, Vestibular Neuronitis, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, and Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors . 154 Jacob Johnson, MD, Anil K. Lalwani, MD 16. Presbyacusis . 169 John H. Mills, PhD, Paul R. Lambert, MD 17. Tinnitus and Hyperacusis . 181 Pawel J. Jastreboff, PhD, ScD, Margaret M. Jastreboff, PhD 18. Cochlear Implants. 193 Richard T. Miyamoto, MD, Karen Iler Kirk, PhD 19. Facial Paralysis . 204 Phillip A. Wackym, MD, John S. Rhee, MD 20. Olfaction and Gustation . 218 Richard L. Doty, PhD, Steven M. Bromley, MD 21. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome . 231 Frank E. Lucente, MD, Samir Shah, MD, Jeffrey Vierra, MD 22. Etiology of Infectious Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract . 241 John L. Boone, MD 23. Allergic Rhinitis . 254 Jayant M. Pinto, MD, Robert M. Naclerio, MD 24. Acute and Chronic Nasal Disorders . 266 Valerie J. Lund, MS, FRCS, FRCS(Ed) 25. Sinusitis and Polyposis . 276 Andrew P. Lane, MD, David W. Kennedy, MD 26. Headache and Facial Pain . 292 James M. Hartman, MD, Richard A. Chole, MD, PhD Contents vii 27. Neoplasms of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses. 304 Ara A. Chalian, MD, David Litman, MD 28. Reconstruction of the Outstanding Ear . 314 Daniel G. Becker, MD, Stephen Y. Lai, MD, Phd 29. Nasal Reconstruction and Rhinoplasty . 324 M. Eugene Tardy Jr, MD, FACS 30. Facial Fractures . 342 Paul J. Donald, MD, Jonathan M. Sykes, MD 31. Microtia, Canal Atresia, and Middle Ear Anomalies . 353 Simon C. Parisier, MD, Jose N. Fayad, MD, Charles P. Kimmelman, MD 32. Diseases of the Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, and Nasopharynx . 363 Lawrence W.C. Tom, MD, Ian N. Jacobs, MD 33. Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx . 378 Rodney P. Lusk, MD 34. Congenital Anomalies of the Head and Neck. 390 Lee D. Rowe, MD 35. Disorders of Voice, Speech, and Language. 402 Fred D. Minifie, PhD 36. Airway Control and Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Adults . 417 Joseph C. Sniezek, MD, Brian B. Burkey, MD 37. Trauma to the Larynx. 429 Peak Woo, MD, Philip Passalaqua, MD 38. Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Larynx. 443 James A. Koufman, MD, Peter C. Belafsky, MD, PhD 39. Neurogenic and Functional Disorders of the Larynx. 457 Christy L. Ludlow, PhD, Eric A. Mann, MD, PhD viii Contents 40. Neoplasms of the Larynx and Laryngopharynx . 470 Robert A. Weisman, MD, Kris S. Moe, MD, Lisa A. Orloff, MD 41. Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx . 484 Frank G. Ondrey, MD, PhD, Simon K. Wright, MD 42. Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx . 496 Dennis H. Kraus, MD, John K. Joe, MD 43. Diseases of the Salivary Glands . 507 William R. Carroll, MD, C. Elliott Morgan, DMD, MD 44. Diseases of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands . 520 Robert A. Hendrix, MD 45. Laryngoscopy . 536 Ellen S. Deutsch, MD, Jane Y. Yang, MD, James S. Reilly, MD 46. Bronchoesophagology . 546 Jane Y. Yang, MD, Ellen S. Deutsch, MD, James S. Reilly, MD Index . 561 Examination Items and Teaching Commentaries . 591 PREFACE The Manual of the Sixteenth Edition of Ballenger’s Otorhino- laryngology Head and Neck Surgery provides a new approach to the development and maintenance of competency in the field. It presents synopses of 46 of the chapters in the main book that address clinical problems, and provides a handy, easily portable source of clinical knowledge emphasizing diagnosis and therapeutic management. Each synopsis is accompanied in the CD-ROM version by a group of multiple- choice examination items to allow the reader to assess his or her comprehension of the subject matter. Each examination item has a teaching commentary that indicates why the best response is favored and includes teaching points relevant to the subject matter of the examination item. The format is based on the educational concepts of immediate review and analysis of comprehension. The process has the important added benefit of giving the participant a prompt reinforce- ment of what the author(s) consider important. It gives the participant an opportunity to review the contents with a new perspective of the author’s orientation and emphasis. The informational content of the Manual is presented in clinically oriented synopses of commonly encountered prob- lems in otology/neurotology, rhinology, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, pediatric otorhinolaryngology, laryn- gology, head and neck surgery, and bronchoesophagology. For each topic, the reader is referred to the main book for a more comprehensive source of information. The content reflects the central responsibility of the otorhinolaryngolo- gist in treating patients with diseases affecting the senses of smell, taste, and balance, and with disorders of human com- munication affecting hearing, voice, speech, and language. x Preface The senior authors have been chosen not only for their contribution of new knowledge to their topics through highly regarded research, but also for their intellectual leadership in the specialty, and, thereby, are truly authoritative in the subject matter of their chapters and synopses.