Authored by: Lawrence Penn Ramit Raunak Emma Leworthy CAV Road Scoring Index A new category of road user is coming. We need to be ready. | P a g e 2 CAV Road Scoring Index Meet the team LAWRENCE PENN RAMIT RAUNAK EMMA LEWORTHY Lawrence works in WSP's Ramit is an electric Emma is a Senior Future Mobility team in mobility enthusiast, Transport Planner at the UK. Having written his currently working in the WSP, specialising in Undergraduate and Centre of Excellence in microsimulation traffic Masters dissertations on Urban Transport (CoE- modelling and local connected and UT), CEPT Research and network analysis. She autonomous vehicles, he Development develops solutions for is keen to immerse Foundation. At the environments with himself further in the field Centre, he works actively complex interactions as it rapidly develops. in the sector of electric between private vehicles, climate change vehicles, active modes, His recent work has included designing and contributes to public transport and trials of automated communication and goods vehicles. Emma is vehicles in the UK and outreach. With his keen to explore the conducting passion to work on potential for deploying international market futuristic sustainable CAVs within this context, research looking at transport, he is focussing on safe the connected and interested in interactions with active autonomous mobility contributing towards mode users, sector. enabling the operation communication with of CAVs in the world. roadside infrastructure and impact on emissions. | P a g e 3 CAV Road Scoring Index Executive Summary This project has been delivered through the Future Transport Visions Group (FTVG), funded by the Rees Jeffreys Road Fund. Safety is the most cited benefit of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), and yet it is also the most frequently cited concern. It is clear, therefore, that there is a disconnect between where we are now, and the self-driving future we have been promised. The role of infrastructure in delivering this future is self-evident, but very often neglected due to the uncertainty around the new and unique requirements CAVs might have of the road environment. However, there has been a chronic lack of funding for road maintenance for many years and this presents risks to safe CAV navigation where quality is lacking. In addition to the physical world humans are so used to navigating, CAVs will also have specific requirements of the digital environment. This adds a brand new dimension to asset management strategies, and there is a pressing need to consider the road network from the unique perspective of a CAV. This project and its outputs bridge the gap between our current understanding of infrastructure standards and the requirements of the future. It also highlights the need to bring many traditionally separate stakeholders closer together to ensure that the transition to autonomy is managed as safely as possible. This project would not have been possible without the incredible generosity of the many experts we spoke to in the development of this methodology. We would also like to thank the workshop participants and survey respondents for their valuable contributions. Final thanks go to Dr Zia Wadud for inspiring the development of the idea. | P a g e 4 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Aims ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Literature review .................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Our contribution to the field .................................................................................................... 14 2. State of the art ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Defining vehicle autonomy ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Connected and autonomous mobility timeline ....................................................................... 18 2.4 Indications .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.5 Inclinations ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.6 Manifestations ........................................................................................................................ 24 2.7 Future CAV use cases ........................................................................................................... 24 2.8 International perspectives ...................................................................................................... 26 3. Shared mobility...................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 31 3.2 Realising a sustainable future for CAVs ................................................................................. 31 3.3 The CAV decarbonisation paradox ........................................................................................ 32 3.4 Current market indications ..................................................................................................... 33 3.5 How the index can help .......................................................................................................... 34 4. Sensor review ........................................................................................................ 35 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 36 4.2 Physical environment ............................................................................................................. 36 4.3 Digital environment ................................................................................................................ 42 4.4 Artificial intelligence and sensor fusion .................................................................................. 44 4.5 Assumptions .......................................................................................................................... 46 4.6 Omissions .............................................................................................................................. 48 5. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 49 5.1 Research context ................................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Expert interviews.................................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Surveys .................................................................................................................................. 51 5.4 Workshops ............................................................................................................................. 52 5.5 Calculating the index score .................................................................................................... 53 CAV Road Scoring Index 5.6 The index in action ................................................................................................................. 53 5.7 Study area ............................................................................................................................. 56 6. The index parameters ........................................................................................... 57 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 58 6.2 Road surface / road marking quality ...................................................................................... 58 6.3 Road sign visibility ................................................................................................................. 60 6.4 Cellular network coverage ..................................................................................................... 61 6.5 Location accuracy .................................................................................................................. 62 6.6 Visibility .................................................................................................................................. 63 6.7 Roadworks / Traffic management .......................................................................................... 64 6.8 Road environment complexity ................................................................................................ 65 6.9 Road traffic collision risk .......................................................................................................