Cultural Heritage Assessment of the Proposed Port Botany Expansion An assessment of maritime and terrestrial archaeological potential Version 4 January 2003 Navin Officer heritage consultants Pty Ltd acn: 092 901 605 102 Jervois St. Deakin ACT 2600 ph 02 6282 9415 A Report to Sydney Ports Corporation fx 02 6282 9416 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................IV 1. SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................................1 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3 2.1 THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................3 2.2 THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................................................3 2.3 REPORT OUTLINE .........................................................................................................................................4 2.4 PROJECT PERSONNEL ...................................................................................................................................4 3. ABORIGINAL CONSULTATION ...............................................................................................................7 3.1 LA PEROUSE ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY ......................................................................................................7 3.2 NATIVE TITLE CLAIMS .................................................................................................................................7 4. STUDY METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................................................8 4.1 HISTORICAL RESEARCH................................................................................................................................8 4.2 TERRESTRIAL SURVEY .................................................................................................................................8 4.2.1 Potential Archaeological Deposits.......................................................................................................8 4.3 MARITIME ASSESSMENT ..............................................................................................................................9 5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT................................................................................................................10 6. CULTURAL HERITAGE CONTEXT .......................................................................................................11 6.1 EARLY OBSERVATIONS ..............................................................................................................................11 6.2 POST EUROPEAN CONTACT ........................................................................................................................12 6.3 PERMANENT EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN THE AREA ..................................................................................14 6.4 EARLY INDUSTRIES ....................................................................................................................................15 6.4.1 Fishing................................................................................................................................................15 6.4.2 Market Gardening ..............................................................................................................................16 6.4.3 Lime Works, Wool Scours, Tanneries and Paper Manufacturers ......................................................16 6.4.4 Boat Building......................................................................................................................................16 6.4.5 Botany Water Works...........................................................................................................................16 6.4.6 Recreation and Tourism .....................................................................................................................16 6.4.7 The Sir Joseph Banks Hotel................................................................................................................17 6.5 GOVERNMENT PIER (LONG PIER) ...............................................................................................................21 6.6 RECLAMATION AND DREDGING..................................................................................................................22 6.6.1 Early Land Reclamation and Dredging to 1970.................................................................................22 6.6.2 Port Development and Dredging after 1970 ......................................................................................24 7. KNOWN AND POTENTIAL ABORIGINAL SITES................................................................................29 7.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES.....................................................................................................................................29 7.2 KNOWN ABORIGINAL SITES .......................................................................................................................29 7.3 POTENTIAL (SUBMERGED) ABORIGINAL SITES...........................................................................................30 8. KNOWN AND POTENTIAL TERRESTRIAL HISTORIC SITES ........................................................32 9. KNOWN AND POTENTIAL MARITIME HERITAGE SITES..............................................................32 9.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES.....................................................................................................................................32 9.2 SHIPWRECKS ..............................................................................................................................................34 9.2.1 Known shipwrecks..............................................................................................................................35 9.2.2 Potential shipwrecks...........................................................................................................................35 9.3 MARITIME-RELATED STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................36 9.3.1 Known maritime related structures ....................................................................................................36 9.3.2 Potential maritime related structures.................................................................................................42 9.4 POTENTIAL OFFSHORE CULTURAL DEPOSITS .............................................................................................42 9.5 INVENTORY OF IDENTIFIED FEATURES .......................................................................................................44 10. IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ON THE CULTURAL RESOURCE .................45 10.1 THE STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................................................45 10.2 BOTANY BAY ...........................................................................................................................................46 11. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................................................48 12. PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...............................................................................................49 13. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................51 APPENDIX 1 CLOSEST PARCELS OF LAND IN NATIVE TITLE CLAIM NC 97/8 .......................56 APPENDIX 2 STATUTORY INFORMATION............................................................................................58 A1. NEW SOUTH WALES LEGISLATION............................................................................................................59 A.1.1 The NSW Heritage Act (1977)............................................................................................................59 A.1.2 Environment Planning & Assessment Act (1979) ..............................................................................61 A2. COMMONWEALTH LEGISLATION ...............................................................................................................62 A.2.1 Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975........................................................................................62 A.2.2 Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 .......................................................62 APPENDIX 3 PLATES....................................................................................................................................64 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AHC Australian Heritage Commission BP Before Present –where ‘present’ is taken to be 1950. The principal modern radiocarbon standard is N.I.S.T (National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA) Oxalic Acid I (C2H2O4). Oxalic acid I is N.I.S.T designation SRM 4990 B and is termed HOx1. This is the International Radiocarbon Dating Standard. Ninety-five percent of the activity