Interactive Reader and Study Guide HOLT Social Studies United States History Beginnings to 1877 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informa- tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Teachers using HOLT SOCIAL STUDIES: UNITED STATES HISTORY may photocopy com- plete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale. HOLT and the “Owl Design” are registered trademarks licensed to Holt, Rinehart and Winston, registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-03-042643-X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 082 08 07 06 05 Contents Chapter 1 The World before the Opening Chapter 8 The Jefferson Era of the Atlantic Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 66 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 1 Sec 8.1 . 67 Sec 1.1 . 2 Sec 8.2 . 69 Sec 1.2 . 4 Sec 8.3 . 71 Sec 1.3 . 6 Sec 8.4 . 73 Sec 1.4 . 8 Chapter 9 A New National Identity Chapter 2 New Empires in the Americas Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 75 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 10 Sec 9.1 . 76 Sec 2.1 . 11 Sec 9.2 . 78 Sec 2.2 . 13 Sec 9.3 . 80 Sec 2.3 . 15 Chapter 10 The Age of Jackson Sec 2.4 . 17 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 82 Sec 2.5 . 19 Sec 10.1 . 83 Chapter 3 The English Colonies Sec 10.2 . 85 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. 21 Sec 10.3 . 87 Sec 3.1 . 22 Chapter 11 Expanding West Sec 3.2 . 24 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 89 Sec 3.3 . 26 Sec 11.1 . 90 Sec 3.4 . 28 Sec 11.2 . 92 Sec 3.5 . 30 Sec 11.3 . 94 Chapter 4 The American Revolution Sec 11.4 . 96 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 32 Chapter 12 The North Sec 4.1 . 33 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 98 Sec 4.2 . 35 Sec 12.1 . 99 Sec 4.3 . 37 Sec 12.2 . 101 Sec 4.4 . 39 Sec 12.3 . 103 Chapter 5 Forming a Government Sec 12.4 . 105 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 41 Chapter 13 The South Sec 5.1 . 42 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 107 Sec 5.2 . 44 Sec 13.1 . 108 Sec 5.3 . 46 Sec 13.2 . 110 Sec 5.4 . 48 Sec 13.3 . 112 Chapter 6 Citizenship and the Constitution Chapter 14 New Movements in America Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 50 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 114 Sec 6.1 . 51 Sec 14.1 . 115 Sec 6.2 . 53 Sec 14.2 . 117 Sec 6.3 . 55 Sec 14.3 . 119 Chapter 7 Launching the Nation Sec 14.4 . 121 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 57 Sec 14.5 . 123 Sec 7.1 . 58 Sec 7.2 . 60 Sec 7.3 . 62 Sec 7.4 . 64 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. iii Interactive Reader and Study Guide Contents Chapter 15 A Divided Nation Sec 16.2 . 137 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 125 Sec 16.3 . 139 Sec 15.1 . 126 Sec 16.4 . 141 Sec 15.2 . 128 Sec 16.5 . 143 Sec 15.3 . 130 Chapter 17 Reconstruction Sec 15.4 . 132 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 145 Chapter 16 The Civil War Sec 17.1 . 146 Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer . 134 Sec 17.2 . 148 Sec 16.1 . 135 Sec 17.3 . 150 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. iv Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name Class Date The World before the Opening of the Atlantic CHAPTER SUMMARY The Earliest Native American Trading Kingdoms of Europe before Americans Cultures West Africa Transatlantic Travel The first Several Native By controlling The Greeks Americans American cultures trade, three developed a migrated to existed in North great kingdoms system of the Americas America before the developed in West government called by crossing the Europeans came. Africa. These were ______________, ______________ the kingdoms of in which people during the last Ghana, Mali, and rule themselves. Ice Age. ______________. Four early The cultures of A key part of After the Black American Native American the West African Death, the feudal civilizations people varied economy was the system weakened were the Olmec, depending on ______________ and a middle class Maya, Aztec, and ______________. trade. developed. ______________. Native American The Renaissance cultures shared was a rebirth of beliefs about arts and learning. religion and ______________. COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING As you read the section summaries, fill in the blanks in the graphic organizer above and answer the questions below. 1. Explain What are cultural areas? How did they shape the ways different Native American peoples developed? 2. Compare and Contrast How were the societies that existed in the Old and New Worlds before transatlantic travel similar? How were they different? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 1 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name Class Date The World before the Opening on the Atlantic Section 1 MAIN IDEAS 1. Climate changes allowed Paleo-Indians to begin the first migration to the Americas. 2. Early societies existed in Mesoamerica and South America. Key Terms and People Bering Land Bridge a strip of land between Asia and present-day Alaska that was exposed by the lower sea levels of the Ice Age Paleo-Indians people believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge migration movement of people or animals from one region to another hunter-gatherers people who obtain food by hunting animals and gathering plants environments climates and landscapes that surround living things culture a group’s set of common values and traditions Academic Vocabulary develop the process of growing or improving Section Summary FIRST MIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS Many scientists believe that the first people arrived in North America during the last Ice Age. How did the formation of glaciers during the Ice Age allow At that time the environment changed, and large for migration to North America? amounts of water froze, forming glaciers. Water levels in the oceans dropped to more than 300 feet lower than they are today. A strip of land called the Bering Land Bridge was exposed between Asia and Alaska. No one knows exactly when or how people crossed into North America, but there is evidence that people called Paleo-Indians crossed the bridge to Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 BC. The migration took Do scientists know exactly when place over a long time. The descendents of the migrants the Paleo-Indians crossed into went as far as the southern tip of South America. These North America? people were hunter-gatherers, people who hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food. The environ- ments they settled in created Native American societies. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 2 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name Class Date Section 1, continued EARLY MESOAMERICAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN SOCIETIES Some of the earliest American cultures arose in Mesoamerica, a region that includes the southern part of what is now Mexico and northern Central Underline the sentence that America. The Olmec developed the earliest known tells when the first civilization civilization in Mesoamerica around 1200 BC. The developed in Mesoamerica. Olmec are known for their stone buildings and sculptures. By 400 BC, when their civilization ended, trade had spread Olmec culture. The Maya civilization followed the Olmec. The Maya built large stone temples, pyramids, and canals that controlled the flow of water through their cities. The Maya civilization began to collapse in the 900s, but historians are still not sure why. The Aztec were fierce warriors who migrated to south and central Mexico in the mid-1100s. They conquered many towns, built a large empire, What was the greatest city in the and controlled a huge trading network. The Aztec Americas during the height of the Aztec culture? capital, Tenochtitlán (tay-nawch-teet-LAHN), founded in 1325 AD, became the greatest city in the Americas and one of the world’s largest cities. The Aztec became rich on trade and tributes paid by conquered people. What evidence do we have that The Inca began as a small tribe in the Andes cultures existed in Mesoamerica before the Aztecs? Mountains. In the mid-1400s, the Inca began expanding their empire until it included much of the western coast of South America and had more than 12 million people. The Inca people had a strong central government and a network of roads and bridges that connected all parts of the territory. CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Evaluate Imagine that you lived in Mesoamerica or South America before the arrival of Europeans. Write a short paragraph describing which of the four civilizations discussed above you would have preferred to live in. Be sure to support your answer. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name Class Date The World before the Opening of the Atlantic Section 2 MAIN IDEAS 1. Several early societies developed in North America long before Europeans explored the continent. 2. Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures. 3. Native American cultures shared beliefs about religion and land ownership. Key Terms and People pueblos aboveground houses made of a heavy clay called adobe kivas underground ceremonial chambers at the center of each Anasazi community totems ancestor or animal spirits of the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest teepees cone-shaped shelters made of animal hides by the nomadic plains people matrilineal a society that traces ancestry through mothers Iroquois League an alliance of Native Americans in northeastern North America Section Summary EARLY SOCIETIES The earliest people in North America were hunter- gatherers.