EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00014 Qualitative Analytical Chemistry Authors: Dr. István Szatmári Dr. Melinda Nonn Dr. Attila Márió Remete Reviewed by: Prof. Dr. Árpád Molnár Dr. Orsolya Laczkovich SZTE GYTK Gyógyszerkémiai Intézet 2020. 12. 04. Jelen tananyag a Szegedi Tudományegyetemen készült az Európai Unió támogatásával. Projekt azonosító: EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00014. Alprojekt azonosító: AP2 – Komplex képzés- és szolgáltatásfejlesztés Altéma azonosító: AP2_GYTK2 Gyógyszerészi készségfejlesztő központ (szimulációs gyógyszertár) oktatás fejlesztése ISBN 978-963-306-763-5 Szegedi Tudományegyetem Cím: 6720 Szeged, Dugonics tér 13. www.u-szeged.hu www.szechenyi2020.hu EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00014 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Basics of qualitative analyis ................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Concepts .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Role of dissolution .......................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Stoichiometry and chemical equations ............................................................................ 9 2. Classification of reactions .................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Acid-base reactions ....................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Complex formation reactions ........................................................................................ 12 2.3. Redox reactions ............................................................................................................. 13 2.4. Reactions involving precipitation .................................................................................. 15 3. Methods ................................................................................................................................ 18 3.1. Importance of sample amount ....................................................................................... 18 3.2. Sample preparation and sample dissolution .................................................................. 19 3.3. Separation ...................................................................................................................... 19 3.4. Heating of samples ........................................................................................................ 20 3.5. Solid-state reactions and reactions involving fusing and fluxing ................................. 21 3.6. Flame coloration (flame test) ........................................................................................ 23 3.7. Reagents ........................................................................................................................ 25 4. Working in the laboratory .................................................................................................... 27 4.1. General instructions ....................................................................................................... 27 4.2. Accident and fire prevention instructions in the laboratory .......................................... 28 5. Groups of cations ................................................................................................................. 30 5.1. Cation group Ia .............................................................................................................. 30 5.1.1. Reactions of Silver(I)-ion ....................................................................................... 30 5.1.2. Reactions of Lead(II)-ion ....................................................................................... 33 5.1.3. Reactions of Mercury(I)-ion ................................................................................... 35 5.1.4. Simple analysis of cation group Ia ......................................................................... 38 5.2. Cation group Ib .............................................................................................................. 39 5.2.1. Reactions of Mercury(II)-ion ................................................................................. 39 5.2.2. Reactions of Copper(II)-ion ................................................................................... 41 5.2.3. Reactions of Cadmium(II)-ion ............................................................................... 44 5.2.4. Reactions of Bismuth(III)-ion ................................................................................ 46 5.2.5. Simple analysis of cation group Ib ......................................................................... 48 5.3. Cation group II .............................................................................................................. 49 3- 5.3.1. Reactions of Arsenite(III)-ion (AsO3 ) .................................................................. 49 3- 5.3.2. Reactions of Arsenate(V)-ion (AsO4 ) .................................................................. 51 5.3.3. Reactions of Antimony(III)-ion.............................................................................. 52 5.3.4. Reactions of Antimony(V)-ion ............................................................................... 54 5.3.5. Reactions of Tin(II)-ion.......................................................................................... 55 5.3.6. Reactions of Tin(IV)-ion ........................................................................................ 57 5.3.7. Simple analysis of cation group II .......................................................................... 58 5.4. Cation group III ............................................................................................................. 59 5.4.1. Reactions of Cobalt(II)-ion .................................................................................... 59 5.4.2. Reactions of Nickel(II)-ion .................................................................................... 61 2 Szegedi Tudományegyetem Cím: 6720 Szeged, Dugonics tér 13. www.u-szeged.hu www.szechenyi2020.hu EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00014 5.4.3. Reactions of Iron(II)-ion ........................................................................................ 63 5.4.4. Reactions of Iron(III)-ion ....................................................................................... 65 5.4.5. Reactions of Manganese(II)-ion ............................................................................. 66 5.4.6. Reactions of Chromium(III)-ion ............................................................................ 68 5.4.7. Reactions of Aluminium(III)-ion ........................................................................... 70 5.4.8. Reactions of Zinc(II)-ion ........................................................................................ 72 5.4.9. Simple analysis of a cation group III ..................................................................... 73 5.5. Cation group IV ............................................................................................................. 75 5.5.1. Reactions of Calcium(II)-ion ................................................................................. 75 5.5.2. Reactions of Strontium(II)-ion ............................................................................... 77 5.5.3. Reactions of Barium(II)-ion ................................................................................... 78 5.5.4. Simple analysis of cation group IV ........................................................................ 80 5.6. Cation group V .............................................................................................................. 82 5.6.1. Reactions of Magnesium(II)-ion ............................................................................ 82 5.6.2. Reactions of Lithium(I)-ion ................................................................................... 83 5.6.3. Reactions of Sodium(I)-ion .................................................................................... 84 5.6.4. Reactions of Potassium(I)-ion ................................................................................ 85 5.6.5. Reactions of Ammonium(I)-ion ............................................................................. 87 5.6.6. Simple analysis of cation group V ......................................................................... 89 6. Groups of Anions ................................................................................................................. 90 6.1. Anion group I ................................................................................................................ 90 6.1.1. Reactions of Carbonate-ion .................................................................................... 90 6.1.2. Reactions of Sulphite-ion ....................................................................................... 91 6.1.3. Reactions of Thiosulphate-ion................................................................................ 92 6.1.4. Reactions of Sulphide- and polysulphide-ion .......................................................