Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1931 The genus Tachypterellus with a special study of T consors cerasi, new subspecies, a cherry pest in Colorado George Milton List Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation List, George Milton, "The eg nus Tachypterellus with a special study of T consors cerasi, new subspecies, a cherry pest in Colorado " (1931). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14086. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14086 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. (K> UMI TKI'] OEmiS TACHYPTEPELLtTS WITH A SPECIAL STUDY f'F T. COHSOHS CI!RABI. lOT SUBSPECIES, A CHIIRRY PEST II COLORADO BY GEORGE M. L1F»T /q'' A Thesis sutinitted to the Gradu8.te Paculty For the Degree ol DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHIC Hajoi- Gubject Entomology Approved Signature was redacted for privacy. In charge a£ tajor woflc .• Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Mfgor Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean of Graduate College Iowa State College 1931 UMI Number: DP13344 UMI^ UMI Microform DP13344 Copyright 2005 by ProQuesl Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 S''v:3 <5. , C - - 1 « ContentD Pago Introduction <l /icknovjledf^nents 5 The Genus TGChyjHerollus .* 6 Generic Charaotoro and Description 6 Taohypterelluci (Authonomus) quadrifiil^bus (Say),,.. 7 TQchyTJtGrol3.uf5 oonaors Dietz 8 Material I'tuclled 8 TaohypterQl3.us oon.'joro corasi, :Igw Subspocies..,.. 9 Tachypterollus ciuadrlgibbuo ma^yna, ]Tov; Subspo(3ioa. 13 A f'lGV/ Deaoription of Tachij.noterelluc uurulriglbbus (f'Gy). 16 TaohyptorellUEJ quadriylbbus (Say , 17 Key to r>T:)00iGQ Study of Genitalia 21 Subapooios and Ilybridii'.ation S5 Piovlov; of the i;ore Baportant Bala tod iCconoiaio Litcjrature 29 Disousaion of Sipeciea 54 Taohyptoreliuc nuadricibbus (Say) £)4 Tcsohypterellus quodricibbua negna, rrew ESubnpeoles. JjG Lifo Hifjtory IlotoE on T. q, iiew Subspocies. [30 Tachypterellufi conaors Diotz ^8 Tachyptcrolluo oonfjors coraoi, riev.' L'ubfipeoloG .... 59 Tachyptercjitllua consort:! cGraai, Jlev; oUbspecieD, d '^^herry Poat in Colorado 40 Hiotorioal 40 Goipjaon ITamo * 4r3 Description 42 i^GG Larva 4S Pupa 43 Adult 44 Hoat Fruits 45 Orifjinal Hoot 45 Crataegus 45 Pluiu 46 Pear 46 Apple 46 IvlQhDlob Cherry 47 Cultivated Cherry 48 Economic Importance 48 Varieties of Cherries Attaoked 49 Soi'i-ional Hiatory r-.nd Hubitfj 49 ^-Briof Outline 49 r3 8 A- 5 - 2 ~ DifficullJloo in Lifo Hintory ntudios 50 Life liictory ^Jtudio;? Made 51 Time of AppocrwjiGO or tlio QooIjIog 55 Habitfj of "tho itootles 54 Disporpin] 55 Feedliif;: ol' tlio OverwintoriuG Booties 56 Feedin/", on tho B3.osGomG 56 Foodine on, tho Fruits 57 SfjG Layinf;^ 59 Nuiabor of J'^ald 60 The Pei'ioG of Ltiyiii^^ G1 Longevity of the J3ootl0Q Incubation '^oriod of the iil;''?.'* G5 Larval Habits 65 I.on'vth of IrM'Yv.l Focsdinc; r^o.viod 67 pupation 68 'r,'h« 'C!nGr'.'""o;.'.cG of the Beetlos 69 Habits of the i.dulto 71 Hibornrttloii . v.... ^ . '72, Injai'y Dono b^' the I'ov/ iloetlos 72 V«-iriot'^l I • Ukj0 o t J. W i ,.L i t 7».,) Soloction of Rrjell Fruits 74 Til? >'or''3ible Totv'l .... 76 ^ •'•••lurytoru'" tylodorrv^'tin 04 Hnbrocytuo piorcoi Crawford SB I'jntcdon, n. np r^.91 Hj.".brocytU!:;, n . cp 94 •^licrobrooon t!.'oh;,-"ptori iaie:.' 94 r-'.ati'Dpin incertur, (Aahm.) 95 . lU.P'Oj.i 'i,ti.u.i' I-' 1 hi' IjciA* (i J.I. i. idcV95 TotriAatiohua op * 96 0 Cl'V-. C I/.O^li).^ 'j.'TOl .f. O P .rn...... 9/ Control 97 Pinouanion of ''ihe Ohorr;y Ctrovjin/'; District find Orclie.rd Px'aotioes 97 Tho Co:i.dition of Goiie Poprono/i.totive Orcl'iardB 99 Relation of tho Orchard Conditionn and ProaGnoo of Ntv.tive Ilocts to the In^eot, 106 ProlimincD?y Tent^ of Infioctioidos, 19-6 107 Toots of Inrjectioides, 1927.. 110 DoHcription of Orchards 310 Materials and j-.".othodG Uuod Ill Eooultn 115 Pi0ou9sion of tho Hoaultn 114 A Genorul fniwiiary of tJic '.'oaRon'G Reaulto .. 119 Tosta of InsGotioidea in 1929........ 120' Description of Orohurdn i-jvui JXlan of Tecitw... 120 Disousoion of 1929 Resulta 124 .A Gonoriil oiu-uaary of tho ,';:oi.jr.on'd Ifosults .. 1130 TZ o ^ Page Toats of InsectioidGG in 1930,150 Description of Orchards ond Plan of Tests,,. 130 DiacuQGion of 1930 Roaults 132 A General .Suiomary of the Season's Results,.. 155 /. Creneral Buuiraary of all Inaecticido Tofjtfi 136 Arsenloal PeEiduo on Chorries Sprayed for Cherry Cui-'Gulio Control 137 The Amount of Arsenic Trioxide Permitted por pound of Fruit 137 r>tudl0c Made 138 Discussion of Roaults 140 Relation of the Residue Problem to the Spray Pro£p:a.m 144 Cleaning the Fruit 144 Gortins the Fruit 145 Sorting by Hand 145 Sorting "by Flotation * 146 Control Hocomendations 148 .Surmiiary 150 Literature 01tod 158 - 4 - The Genus TachypterelluB with a Special Study of T. consors cerasi. New Su^bBpeoies, a Cherry Pest in Colorado. Introduction Insect pests of a cultivated crop may come from tv/o sour­ ces : (l) Another locality or country where this crop has "been grown and nests are definitely established, (2) The same sec­ tion where native insect species occur that may find the intro­ duced crop plant to their liking. We hear a great deal now, and riglitly so, about the introduction of new pests. The pre­ vention of this very thing has becoino one of the most important fields in economic entomoloay. This emphasis, hov/ever, causes us to overlook the possibility of danger in the immediate vicin­ ity. It can be expected that such polyphaeous insects as grass­ hoppers, cutworms and vdreworms v;ill attack most plants of a similar nature to their native hosts, but there is always the possibility of a species with a restricted food habit taking to a cultivated host that is similar to its native host. Most any te3:.t book on entomology will cite numerous e:':ajiiplOB of this, such as the transfer of the apple magt',ot, Rhafioletis pomonella v/alsh, from the native haws, or Crataegus, to the apyle, and the development of the pliim curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst, a native insect on the wild plums of America, to probably the most serious pest of the peach, an imported fruit. Probably an outstanding example of a pest of this nature for Colorado people is the Colorado potato beetle. IVith the introduction of the potato into Colorado, the insect iminediately found the plant •> 5 » more to its liking than the eand bur, Solanum rostraturn, its native host. Before this the insect was confined to the local­ ities where the sand bur grew as a weed, but the potato suddenly provided almost unlimited possibilities for spread, and, as a result, the Colorado potato beetle is a pest in practically all potato growing areas in ITorth Amerioa, and has recently be­ come established in some foreign countries. The insect still goes unnoticed on the sand bur, but the example serves to remind us that there are undoubtedly thousands of other unnoticed species that are potential enemies of man. The rather recent introduction of the sour cherry as a com­ mercial crop into Northern Colorado, where wild cherries grow abundantly in the foothill regions of the mountains, isjarallel- ing the introduction of the cultivated Solanum. the potato, into the habitat of the wild Solanum. the sand bur. Within the short period of the experience of the writer, at least two native in­ sects have become major pests. This paper is a treatise on one of these. The work is by no means complete, but the same can be said in regard to many of our pests of much longer standing. Since the form involved seems to be new to science, it seems ad­ visable to dieCUBS the entire genus to clear up the relationship to closely related species^ Acknowledgmen ts The writer is indebted to a number of workers for assistance given during the time of these studies. Thanks are hereby ex­ tended to Dr.