INTERETHNIC RELATIONS AND SETTLEMENT ON THE SPANISH FLORIDA FRONTIER, 1668-1763 By DIANA REIGELSPERGER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Diana Reigelsperger 2 To my husband Jason 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My research would not have been possible without assistance from the Graduate School of the University of Florida, the Upchurch Scholarship from the Institute of Early American Studies, the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain’s Ministry of Culture and United States Universities, and the Koleos family. I have also benefitted from the knowledge and experience of a number of librarians and archivists. I benefitted immeasurably from the assistance of Pepe Hernández Palomo at the Escuela de Estudios Hispano Americanos and Manuel Ravina, director of the provincial archive of Cádiz. I would also like to thank Doug Inglis for illuminating the Spanish system of moving mail across the Atlantic. At the University of Florida P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History I wish to thank Bruce Chappell for his assistance and many lessons on the finer points of Spanish paleography and archives. I also wish to thank Jim Cusick for his assistance both in research and in suggesting new ways to think about the topic at hand. In Spain, Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the staff of the St. Augustine Historical Society Research Library, especially Charles Tingley, for his assistance over nearly a decade of historical inquiry. I would like to thank the members of my committee, Jeffrey Needell, David Geggus, Jon Sensbach, and Richmond Brown for their generous assistance and time spent reading drafts of this work. In particular, I would like to thank my advisor and committee chair Ida Altman for her tireless efforts reading and revising the many stages of this project. I also owe many thanks to John Diviney who provided valuable insights into the Native American and Spanish worlds studied here. Finally, I would like to thank my family as they have listened patiently to years of ideas, theories, and Florida history. I am immensely grateful to my parents who have provided constant moral support. Finally, my husband Jason, to whom this work is dedicated, has not only 4 listened over the years, but driven many miles with me to investigate the landscapes in which this work is set. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................13 Población ................................................................................................................................15 Borderlands and Frontiers .......................................................................................................23 Terminology: The Language of Race and Status ...................................................................32 Periodization ...........................................................................................................................35 A Note on Archives ................................................................................................................38 2 COLONY AND CONTEST ON THE FLORIDA FRONTIER.............................................39 English Incursions ..................................................................................................................41 Impact of the Indian Slave Trade ............................................................................................50 Impact of the African Slave Trade ..........................................................................................53 French Colonization on the Gulf Coast ..................................................................................57 The War of Spanish Succession in Florida .............................................................................59 The Yamassee War .................................................................................................................65 Spanish Attempts to Re-occupy Florida .................................................................................69 3 PATTERNS OF HISPANIC IMMIGRATION AND POPULATION ..................................84 Sources of Population Data ....................................................................................................86 Previous Population Studies ...................................................................................................94 Hispanic Immigration and Population ....................................................................................98 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................119 4 IMMIGRANTS IMAGINED ...............................................................................................123 Evolution of the Ideal Settler ................................................................................................125 Isleño Settlers Finally Arrive in Florida ...............................................................................143 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................148 6 5 SPANISH-INDIAN RELATIONS AT THE END OF THE MISSION ERA, 1668-1702 ..151 Sources on the Indigenous Population ..................................................................................152 Previous Studies of the Florida Indians ................................................................................159 Kinship and Religion in the Construction of Social Networks .............................................163 Labor and Commerce ...........................................................................................................171 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................189 6 INDIAN IDENTITY IN ST. AUGUSTINE, 1702-1763 .....................................................194 Indians, Refugees, and Población .........................................................................................196 Raids on the Refugee Villages ..............................................................................................204 The Problem with Being Indian ............................................................................................209 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................220 7 AFRICAN SLAVES, VASSALS, AND SETTLERS ..........................................................224 Slave Life in Florida .............................................................................................................226 Black Floridians, Defense, and Población ............................................................................242 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................255 8 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................258 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................285 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1. Parish Records .....................................................................................................................120 3-2. Civil and Ecclesiastical Censuses ........................................................................................121 5-1. Marriages between Indian and non-Indian Partners in the Marriage Records, 1668-1702 ..191 5-2. Marriages between Indian and non-Indian Partners implied in the Baptismal Records, 1668-1702 ........................................................................................................................192 5-3. Indian Marriages in Baptism and Marriage Records by Frequency, 1668-1702 ..................193 6- 1. Sources of Demographic Data for the Indigenous Population after 1702 ...........................222 7-1. Black Marriage in St. Augustine ..........................................................................................257 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1. The Southeast, 1650 ...........................................................................................................81 2-2. Yamassee Raids on Spanish Missions, 1680s....................................................................82 2-3. European Settlements c. 1739 ............................................................................................83