Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Pest management of soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode: Host-plant resistance, entomopathogens, and seed-applied pesticides Eric Harold Clifton Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Clifton, Eric Harold, "Pest management of soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode: Host-plant resistance, entomopathogens, and seed-applied pesticides" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15501. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15501 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pest management of soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode: Host-plant resistance, entomopathogens, and seed-applied pesticides by Eric Harold Clifton A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Entomology Program of Study Committee: Aaron J. Gassmann, Co-major Professor Erin W. Hodgson, Co-major Professor Gregory L. Tylka Brad S. Coates Joel R. Coats The student author and the program of study committee are solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Eric Harold Clifton, 2017. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...................................................................1 Dissertation Organization ........................................................................................1 Soybean Aphid Ecology and Management ..............................................................1 Soybean Cyst Nematode Ecology and Management ...............................................6 Interactions Between Soybean Aphid and Soybean Cyst Nematode.......................9 Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Ecological Roles ..........................................10 Induced Resistance by Microorganisms ................................................................15 Focus of Dissertation .............................................................................................20 References Cited ....................................................................................................21 CHAPTER 2. EFFECTS OF HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE AND SEED TREATMENTS ON SOYBEAN APHID (APHIS GLYCINES MATSUMURA), SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE (HETERODERA GLYCINES ICHINOHE), AND SOYBEAN YIELD ............................32 Abstract ..................................................................................................................32 Introduction ............................................................................................................33 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................37 Results ....................................................................................................................44 Discussion ..............................................................................................................47 Conclusions ............................................................................................................51 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................52 References Cited ....................................................................................................53 Tables .....................................................................................................................59 Figures....................................................................................................................65 Supplemental Tables ..............................................................................................70 Supplemental Figures .............................................................................................77 iii CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF ENDOPHYTIC ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ON SOYBEAN APHID AND IDENTIFICATION OF METARHIZIUM ISOLATES FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS ..................................78 Abstract ..................................................................................................................78 Introduction ............................................................................................................79 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................82 Results ....................................................................................................................90 Discussion ..............................................................................................................91 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................97 References Cited ....................................................................................................98 Tables ...................................................................................................................105 Figures..................................................................................................................106 Supplemental Tables ............................................................................................111 Supplemental Figures ...........................................................................................114 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................115 APPENDIX A: EFFECTS OF HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE AND PESTICIDAL SEED TREATMENT ON SOYBEAN APHID AND SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE ON SOYBEAN .........................................................116 Preface ..................................................................................................................116 Introduction ..........................................................................................................117 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................118 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................121 References Cited ..................................................................................................125 Tables ...................................................................................................................128 Figures..................................................................................................................129 APPENDIX B: MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS AND CO-AUTHORED PUBLICATIONS ...............................................................................132 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my Co-major Professors, Aaron Gassmann and Erin Hodgson, and my committee members, Gregory Tylka, Brad Coates and Joel Coats, for their guidance throughout the course of this research. I would also like to thank Stefan Jaronski for the additional training and encouragement on experiments. This work was completed thanks to six or more years of guidance and help from fellow lab members, department faculty and staff, particularly Kelly Kyle, Mike Dunbar, Jennifer Petzold-Maxwell, Melissa Rudeen, Nadya Keweshan, David Ingber, Mike McCarville, Adam Varenhorst, Greg VanNostrand, Ram Shrestha, Sean Bradley, Benjamin Brenizer, Eric Yu, Aubrey Paolino, Coy St. Clair, Kenneth Masloski, Christopher Marett, Gregory Gebhart, Mark Mullaney, and David Soh. I also want to thank all of the undergraduate employees who helped me with the work, particularly Ethan Sprung and Sarah Rueger during the recent years. To my parents, Jay and Nancy Clifton, for supporting my scientific curiosities. To my siblings, Brian and Jodie, and their partners, Anne and Jake, for their encouragement and the good times we have had together. I would also like to thank my nephew Luke for being a continual source of joy. I also want to thank all of my friends in Ames and those back home for keeping in touch and for the memories. In no particular order, I would like to thank Edmund N., Lauren L., Ryan T., Alex W., Holly G., Brian S., Scott P., Austin B., Eddie B., Cesar M., Mike C., Nathan R., Joe G., Alex L., Jordan B., and everyone else that can’t fit on this page. Last but not least, I want to thank Jillian and her parents, Steve and Nancy, for the love and support. Thank you for treating me as part of the family and for throwing the best pool parties in Carthage. v ABSTRACT Farmers can benefit from tools that are applied at planting and can still manage pest populations throughout the growing season. To meet these demands, some of the tools include host-plant resistance and seed-applied pesticides. However, prophylactic applications