Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil FORNAZIER, MAURÍCIO J.; MARTINS, DAVID S.; DE WILLINK, MARIA CRISTINA G.; PIROVANI, VICTOR D.; FERREIRA, PAULO S.F.; ZANUNCIO, JOSÉ C. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with arabica coffee and geographical distribution in the neotropical region Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 89, núm. 4, octubre-diciembre, 2017, pp. 3083-3092 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32754216047 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(4): 3083-3092 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160689 www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with arabica coffee and geographical distribution in the neotropical region MAURÍCIO J. FORNAZIER1, DAVID S. MARTINS1, MARIA CRISTINA G. DE WILLINK2, VICTOR D. PIROVANI3, PAULO S.F. FERREIRA4 and JOSÉ C. ZANUNCIO4 1Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural - INCAPER, Departamento de Entomologia, Rua Afonso Sarlo, 160, 29052-010 Vitória, ES, Brazil 2CONICET, INSUE, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Fundación Miguel Lillo 205 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina 3Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais/IFMG, Campus São João Evangelista, Av. Primeiro de Junho, 1043, Centro, 39705-000 São João Evangelista, MG, Brazil 4Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Manuscript received on October 7, 2016; accepted for publication on September 1, 2017 ABSTRACT Coffee is one of the most important Brazilian agricultural commodities exported, and Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States are the main coffee producers. Scale insects are important coffee pests, and 73 species of Cerococcidae (3), Coccidae (18), Diaspididae (6), Eriococcidae (1), Ortheziidae (3), Pseudococcidae (21), Putoidae (2) and Rhizoecidae (19) have been associated with roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of Arabica coffee in the Neotropics. Eight species were found associated with Arabica coffee in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States in this study, and Coccidae was the most frequent family. Coccus alpinus, Cc. celatus, Cc. lizeri, Cc. viridis, and Saissetia coffeae (Coccidae) were found in both states; Alecanochiton marquesi, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Diaspididae), and Dysmicoccus texensis (Pseudococcidae) were only found in Minas Gerais. Alecanochiton marquesi and P. trilobitiformis are first reported in Minas Gerais, and Cc. alpinus in Espírito Santo, on Arabica coffee. All scale insect species were associated with coffee leaves and branches, except D. texensis, associated with coffee roots. Fourty seven scale insect species have been found occurring in Brazilian Arabica coffee, and in Espírito Santo (28) and Minas Gerais (23). Widespread and geographical distribution of each species found are discussed. Key words: Coccidae, Coffea arabica, Diaspididae, geographical distribution, Pseudococcidae. INTRODUCTION Santo States. Both coffee species, Coffea arabica L. (Arabica coffee) and Co. canephora Pierre ex Coffee is one of the most important Brazilian A. Froehner (Robusta coffee) have been cultivated agricultural commodities exported, and 80% of this in Brazil, and first former accounts for ~75% of coffee is produced in Minas Gerais and Espírito the total production (IBGE 2015). Insects may Correspondence to: Maurício José Fornazier reduce coffee yield, and scale insects (Hemiptera: E-mail: [email protected] Coccoidea) play an important role as pest associated An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (4) 3084 MAURÍCIO J. FORNAZIER et al. with roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of Coccidae (18), Diaspididae (6), Eriococcidae (1), Arabica coffee in the Neotropics. The economic Ortheziidae (3), Pseudococcidae (21), Putoidae level of damage depends on climatic conditions, (2) and Rhizoecidae (19) have been associated costs of production and prices in the international with roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of market (Fornazier et al. 2007). Arabica coffee in the Neotropics. Fourty seven Scale insects are major agricultural pests, scale insect species have been found occurring particularly when they develop in new regions of in Brazilian Arabica coffee (García Morales et coffee plantations free from their natural enemies al. 2016). Coccidae (soft scales), Diaspididae (Culik et al. 2011). They have the habit of sucking the (armored scales) and Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) sap on leaves, stems, and roots, are polyphagous and are widespread throughout the world as pests on attack a large number of agricultural and ornamental agricultural plantations and ornamental plants plantations (Miller et al. 2005, García Morales et al. (Williams and Granara de Willink 1992, Henderson 2016). These are insects of quarantine importance and Hodgson 2005). This research aimed to verify affecting the domestic and export market, causing the geographical distribution of scale species damage to plants mainly by injecting toxins and (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with Arabica transmitting pathogens such as viruses (Martins et coffee in the two main Brazilian states coffee al. 2004, Culik et al. 2006). The feeding behavior producers, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, report of scale insects affect negatively plant healthy those species associated with this coffee species, or weakens plants, and may reduce plant vigor, and their range expansion in the Neotropics. causes premature defoliation, impact formation of new shoots, can lead to branch dieback, and MATERIALS AND METHODS eventually plant death. In addition, the honeydew excreted by scales allows the development of Scale insects were sampled from Arabica coffee sooty mold that inhibits photosynthesis and commercial producing plantations with no causes cosmetic damage to fruits (Mibey 1997, chemical spraying at altitudes between 209 to Vandenberg et al. 2007). Also, it attracts ants and 1,050 m in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States. creats a mutual interaction between ants and scale Samplings were carried out in the municipalities insects as protective benefit to the scale insect of Cachoeirinha, Campos Altos, Ervália, Florestal, against predators (Davidson et al. 2003, Hunt Itabira, Manhuaçu, Muriaé and Viçosa, Minas 2003, Bluthgen et al. 2004, Livingston et al. 2008, Gerais State, and in the municipalities of Domingos Shalene et al. 2009). Particularly young plants of Martins, Ibatiba, Ibitirama, Iúna and Venda Nova coffee may be affected under field conditions, and do Imigrante, Espírito Santo State. Scale insects depending on the scale insect species, age of the were collected manually from the leaves, branches, plantation, and infestation level, the replanting or trunk, roots, and fruits. The canopies and roots of total replacement of seedlings in the area may be ten coffee plants were examined in each coffee required. They can also infest sprouts of seedlings orchard sampled for the presence of scale insects. in nurseries, and be disseminated to new plantations Branch and trunk bark, and leaves infested with (Bittenbender 2000, Fernandes et al. 2009, Reis et scale insects were collected, cut into 2 x 2 cm al. 2010). pieces; infested rosettes and fruits were collected; Worldwide 114 species of scale insects the main and secondary roots of the coffee tree (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) have been cited in were sampled by digging a 20 cm diameter hole Arabica coffee, and 73 species Cerococcidae (3), by 20 cm deep. The specimens collected were An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (4) COCCOIDEA IN ARABICA COFFEE 3085 prepared and assembled on slides for microscopy in the Neotropics, and found in Brazil belongs (Granara de Willink 1990). This method consists to Pseudococcidae (21), Coccidae (18) and on clarification using Essig solution composed of Rhizoecidae (19). Cerococcidae has only three 20 parts of lactic acid (85%), two parts of saturated species occurring in the Neotropics, and two of phenol, four parts of glacial acetic acid and one them occur in Brazil; Putoidea was not recorded part of distilled water; coloration was performed occurring in Brazilian Arabica coffee, but two scale with fuchsin acid, dehydration with different species of this family have been associated with concentrations of alcohol, and they were assembled this crop in the Neotropics. From those 19 species in Canada balsam. Scale insects were identified of Rhizoecidae, four of them have been related in the Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto in Brazilian Arabica coffee. The genera with the Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, larger number of species associated with Arabica Argentina. Voucher specimens were deposited in coffee in the Neotropics are Rhizoecus (11 species), the Regional Museum of Entomology, Department Coccus (7), Dysmicoccus (6), and Pseudococcus of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (6); in Brazil, they are Coccus (7), Pseudococcus (UFV) in Viçosa, Minas Gerais