Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment Geologic Map of the North Sulphur River Basin SulphurRiver North Geologic Map of the 7 - 3 Figure Figure Source: Bureau of Economic Geology, Geologic Atlas of Texas, 1966 1966 of Texas, Atlas Geologic Geology, Economic of Bureau Source: 3-12 Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment and Project Area and Project Geologic Map of the North Sulphur River Basin Sulphur River North Geologic Map of the : 8 - 3 Figure Figure 3-13 Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment Incision of the North Sulphur River and its tributaries has exposed the Ozan Formation in the bed and in the banks where the streams have eroded into the shale. Erosion into the shale takes place as a result of both hydraulic processes (abrasion, plucking, solution) and streambed weathering (slaking) (Howard, 1998; Tinkler and Parish, 1998; Allen et al., 2002). Rates of erosion into the weak shale may ultimately be controlled by the thin layer of sediment over the bedrock rather than the bedrock hardness (Sklar and Dietrich, 1998; Stock et al., 2005). However, Allen et al. (2002) measured wetting-drying cycle-driven slaking rates of up to 4 inches per year in the lower bank regions of channels incised into the Taylor Marl, and rates of up to 2 inches per year in the bed. Tinkler and Parish (1998) have documented channel bed erosion rates into shales on the order of 1 inch per year, and have observed that wetting and drying cycles were primarily responsible for fragmenting the exposed shale to a size that could be transported and removed by frequent and moderate high flows. Similar processes have been observed in the bed of the North Sulphur River and its tributaries (UTRWD, 2006c). Appendix C provides a copy of the Fluvial Geomorphology Study Report. The North Sulphur River and its tributaries, within the boundaries of the proposed reservoir, as well as upstream and downstream, are deeply incised and eroding (Photo 3-1). Current conditions are the result of channelization and straightening of the sinuous, meandering river and the lower reaches of its tributaries to prevent frequent overbank flooding on the North Sulphur River floodplain in the late 1920s (Williams, 1928; Avery, 1974). Prior to channelization, the North Sulphur River was a sinuous meandering stream with a slope of about 4.3 feet/mile. In the vicinity of the proposed reservoir site, the natural channel was about 48 feet wide and 6 feet deep and had a hydraulic capacity of between 700 and 1,000 cubic feet per second (cfs). The channelized and straightened channel had a top width of 16 to 30 feet, and a depth of 9 to 12 feet with a slope of 6.5 feet/mile (Avery, 1974) and a hydraulic capacity of about 700 cfs. Currently, at the proposed reservoir site the North Sulphur River is 300 feet wide and about 40 feet deep, the bed and lower portions of the banks of the channel are composed of erodible shale (Ozan Formation), and the channel contains flows well in excess of the 100-year flood peak (38,000 cfs). Based on a comparison of the historical and present-day channel dimensions about 28 million tons of sediment have been eroded from the mainstem North Sulphur River and its tributaries upstream of the proposed reservoir site since the 1920s (UTRWD, 2006c). 3-14 Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment Photo 3-1: North Sulphur River deeply incised and eroding channel. Photo taken August 2009. In the context of the current status of the North Sulphur River, and sediment yield to the reservoir site, it is important to know the evolutionary stage of the incised mainstem and tributaries. In the channelized streams of the humid southeastern U.S., the channel evolution sequence can take about 40 to 50 years to complete (Schumm et al., 1984; Schumm, 1999; Simon, 1989). For the incised streams of the semi-arid southwest the sequence takes about 100 years (Gellis et al., 1995). Therefore, it could be expected that the North Sulphur River, that was channelized about 75 years ago, has completed the evolutionary sequence and might be approaching a new state of equilibrium with the imposed flows and sediment loads. Depending on location, there are indications that this has in fact occurred. However, it is equally apparent that there are sections of the North Sulphur River and its tributaries that are still actively widening, and have very little or no sediment accumulation on the bed, both conditions which are indicative of ongoing disequilibrium. Therefore, it is apparent that the North Sulphur River does not fully fit the previously developed models of incised channel evolution (UTRWD, 2006c). Based on field observations made, a modified version of the incised channel evolution model was developed for the North Sulphur River and its tributaries. Following channelization in the late 1920s the North Sulphur River incised and widened (Avery, 1974) and followed the typical channel evolution sequence while the channel boundary materials were composed of alluvium (Figure 3-9, Types I through V). 3-15 Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment However, exposure of the shale added a significant complicating factor to the evolution of the channel. Based on the flow record at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gage on the North Sulphur River near Cooper, there are an average of six wetting and drying cycles per year. Since the rates of bedrock erosion are controlled by the number of wetting and drying cycles, and not by hydraulic processes, the upstream dam is unlikely to have any effects on bedrock erosion rates. On an average annual basis, the shale will continue to erode vertically at a rate of about 2 inches per year and laterally at a rate of about 4 inches per year (UTRWD 2006c). Flow events in the channel remove the weathering products and re-initiate vertical and lateral erosion into the shale. As a rule, lateral erosion rates exceed vertical erosion rates in bedrock and result in the formation of gravel-covered strata surfaces that become terraces when vertical erosion of the bed occurs (Leopold et al., 1964; Schumm, 1977) (Figure 3-9, Type VI). Deep-seated slump failures of the overlying alluvium bury the strata surfaces (Figure 3-9, Type VII) and prevent lateral erosion of the shale. Resulting channel narrowing may actually accelerate erosion of the shale exposed in the bed, which in turn leads to undercutting of the erosion-resistant, root-reinforced alluvium thereby leading to re-exposure of the shale in the toe of the banks and ongoing lateral retreat of the shale (Figure 3-9, Type VIII). Over time the incision into the shale would induce further mass failure of the river bank alluvial valley fill and there would be additional channel widening. It was determined through the incised channel evolution model that the primary sources of channel- derived sediment delivered to the reservoir would be shale outcrops in the bed and lower banks of the channels (UTRWD, 2006c). Furthermore, the model suggested that inundation of the exposed shales within the reservoir would greatly reduce the supply of sediment to the reservoir. The ongoing incised channel evolution exhibited in the North Sulphur River channel applies equally to the larger tributaries that have eroded into the shale. The bedrock units that are crossed by the Lake Ralph Hall Raw Water Pipeline Alignment begin with the Cretaceous-age Gulf Series Wolfe City Sand which contains a sand and silt layer on top of mudstone. The alignment then crosses the Ozan Formation which consists of dark gray clay with variable amounts of silt. The Lake Ralph Hall Raw Water Pipeline Alignment then passes through Quaternary Alluvium and Quaternary Fluviatile terrace deposits as it crosses the Cowleach Fork of the Sabine River, and the South Sulphur and Middle Sulphur Rivers (UTRWD, 2006c). 3-16 Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment olution Model (NSRCEM) for North the Sulphur for olution River (NSRCEM) Model nel Evnel n : Cha 9 - 3 Figure Figure c Source: UTRWD, 2006 UTRWD, Source: 3-17 Lake Ralph Hall Chapter 3 – Affected Environment 3.4.3 Geologic Hazards A geologic hazard is a natural geologic event that can endanger human lives and threaten human property. Earthquakes, landslides, and sinkholes are types of geologic hazards that can occur within the proposed Lake Ralph Hall permit area. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves caused by movement along a fault or by a volcanic eruption. Texas is fortunate to exist in a region low in seismicity. However, earthquakes, of low magnitude have and will occur again in the future in Texas. The northeast region of Texas may be at risk from very large, distant earthquakes which might occur in Missouri-Tennessee or Oklahoma; the earthquakes that pose such a hazard are rare, probably occurring only once per 500 years or less. Such distant earthquakes would be most likely to damage large buildings or poorly reinforced masonry structures. Earthquakes with epicenters within northeast Texas region are rare and small; several earthquakes with magnitudes 3 to 4.5 would probably occur each century. These pose little or no risk unless their epicenters are extremely close to poorly built or very sensitive structures (University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, 2012). A landslide is the movement of soil, rock, or other earth materials, downhill in response to gravity. Landslides include rock falls and topples, debris flows and debris avalanches, earthflows, mudflows, creep, and lateral spread of rock or soil. Frequently landslides occur in areas where the soil is saturated from heavy rains.