A Thesis Entitled Bumpkins and Bostonnais: Detroit, 1805-1812 By Jeffrey Robert Pollock Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History ____________________________________________ Dr. Todd Michney, Committee Chair _____________________________________________ Dr. Bruce Way, Committee Member _____________________________________________ Dr. Charles Beatty Medina, Committee Member _____________________________________________ Dr. Patricia R. Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2013 Copyright 2013, Jeffrey Robert Pollock This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract Of Bumpkins and Bostonnais: Detroit, 1805-1812 By Jeffrey Robert Pollock Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History The University of Toledo December 2013 This work focuses on Detroit from 1805 to 1812, with a focus on the changes brought about by the advent of the Michigan Territory and the reaction to those changes by the predominantly French-speaking citizens of the town. This work relies on previously underutilized petitions and memorials drafted and circulated by the francophone citizens of Detroit to argue that these citizens had a real and profound interest in the political and legal future of their town, contrary to what past historians have written. The thesis is organized into three chapters. The first gives a brief history of Detroit from its founding in 1701 until the start of the Territory of Michigan in 1805. The second examines the conflicting desires of the local population and the new administration in rebuilding the towns following its destruction by fire in June 1805, in particular the issues involving land title, locations of new lots, and the enclosure of Detroit’s commons. The third chapter examines controversies surrounding the “Americanization” of the legal system in Detroit and the desire of the French-speaking population to have a system more in keeping with their traditional practices. iii For Winter. Without your love and support this would have been impossible. Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the assistance of many individuals. Without the support of my family, especially my parents Bob and Lisa, my wife Winter, and my sister Laura with my brother-in-law Anthony, I would have washed out long, long ago. Without the excellent faculty of the University of Toledo History Department this work would have stopped in its conception. Without the instruction, cajoling, counseling and endless hours of review by Dr. Cynthia Ingham this thesis would never have come close to completion. To her much of this project is owed. Without the insight and patience of Dr. Todd Michney I could not have finished the project. Likewise, without the aid of both Dr. Bruce Way and Dr. Charles Beatty Medina this work would have been impossible. v Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Contents vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Beginnings 20 Chapter 3 Fire, Town, and Commons 41 Chapter 4 Laws and Courts 65 Chapter 5 Epilogue 85 References 100 vi Chapter 1 Introduction The following study focuses on the city of Detroit from 1805 until 1812. This period was bookended by dual disasters: first, a devastating fire that destroyed nearly the entire town, and the second, the War of 1812 which saw Detroit at the center of a several campaigns and the scene of a humiliating defeat for the United States. The period between these calamities has often been overlooked or glossed over by historians, who have seen these seven years as little more than a lead up to war, rather than a transitional period in the city’s history and a unique chapter in the territorial expansion of the United States in the early nineteenth century. The process of the United States establishing sovereignty and the response from the French-speaking community to that process has been left by the wayside by scholars. This scholarly neglect has overlooked the attempt by the French population of Detroit to find accommodation within the United States, as citizens. That this attempt was disregarded or ignored by the United States government at all levels, demonstrated an inflexibility that came with expansion of the young nation. While such inflexibility typically exhibited itself in dealing with Native Americans, in Detroit the largely interior- born and French-speaking population were the ones subjected to an imposed system.1 1 Accessing the views of the francophone population of Detroit has not been easy. They left few written sources of their own, a fact owing much to high levels of illiteracy in the population. The British and Americans who did leave such records were often filled with the prejudices common in the day, whether they were based on ethnic, cultural, or religious grounds. The records of these British and especially American officials, traders and travelers have been the primary supply of documentation for the town and its population. There is, however, a large and remarkably neglected set of documents that has up until now been dealt with partially: the petitions and memorials circulated and sent by the predominantly francophone citizens of Detroit to those who held power over them, either on a territorial or federal level. In this work I examine these petitions sent from 1805 until 1812 as a corpus. I believe this viewpoint allows for a more complete glimpse into the concerns and priorities of the French-speaking population of Detroit as their town was being rebuilt and their laws rewritten by the new government of the Michigan Territory. In this fashion this study strives to correct the omissions of past historians who have failed to take note not only of the petitions but of Detroit’s French-speaking population entirely.2 The reasons for this historical oversight are varied. The most obvious was that Detroit, and communities like it across the Midwest, did not fit in with a narrative of Anglo-Saxon domination and expansion. The history of Detroit’s French-speaking population—or Saint Louis, or Vincennes— was of an outlier, not fitting into simple narratives of a march of progress. 2 The works of Francis Parkman, one of the most read and well known of the nineteenth century’s historians, embodied this exclusionary phenomenon, and set the tone for what was to follow well into the twentieth century. For Parkman the French Empire faced an implacable foe in their British and colonial adversaries. France’s endeavor in North America was doomed by the French and Indian War, and their failure seemed to be foretold before the conflict ever started. The francophone settlers who fell under British control were destined to disappear just as the empire that had planted them in their far- flung outposts.3 As one modern-day commentator wrote, Parkman strove to define the difference between “progress and reaction,” or more grandly between “good and evil.”4 Parkman’s tale therefore displayed the French settlers as necessarily backward, with little hope of enduring the tidal wave of British and later American westward movement. Worse, the French offended Parkman’s racial sensibilities by willingly intermarrying and living with the Native American “savages,” an activity that also played into their demise and disappearance as anything more than names on a landscape.5 The treatment of Pontiac’s Rebellion (1760-1763) has remained one of the few events in Detroit’s history that has produced any significant amount of scholarship, and much of this is due to Parkman’s riveting narrative of intrigue, violence, and the eventual victory of the “good guys.” Pontiac’s activities were centered around Detroit, and so naturally the town drew Parkman’s attention. In Parkman’s History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, the rebellion’s namesake and the French townsmen of Detroit are part of the same scheme, conspiring like the assassins of Caesar to restore the rightful rulers to the 3 land. 6 Only recently when the value and importance of Native American history was realized was this old tale replaced with a more nuanced, comprehensive approach. The French and Detroit disappeared from 1763 until the Louisiana Purchase and the addition of New Orleans. Even the Frenchmen of Saint Louis were given short shrift, barely a footnote to the glorious expedition of Lewis and Clark, important only for the pirate Jean Lafitte and his guns at the Battle of New Orleans.7 Often only the names they lent to the landscape were left to remember their presence. Even the few studies that centered on the French of what became the West of the United States seemed to insinuate that the French who lived there simply disappeared. The Upper Mississippi Valley, a region that offered a variety of exploratory and trade route topics epitomized these phenomena. Despite having a predominantly French- speaking population, most scholars ended their coverage with the close the American Revolution, the expedition of George Rogers Clark to Vincennes, or the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Occasionally works would reach into the nineteenth century, but the Louisiana Purchase signified the death knell of the French being active players in the course of the American experience.8 The scholarly confinement of the study of French speakers in what was to become the United States to the Mississippi Valley did not prevent studies of Detroit. These studies honed in on the period preceding the advent of territorial government, and their focus was more on the triumph of new regimes rather than the residents of Detroit. Nelson Vance Russell’s The British Regime in Michigan and the Old Northwest, 1760- 1796 (1939) spotlighted the British administrators and the ascendant fur trade merchants more than the French populace, and when the latter were mentioned it was as a vain lazy 4 set of people.