A Study of European Cereal Frequency Change During The Iron Age And Roman Periods Tim Mills Volume Two Figures, Tables, Appendix and Bibliography Thesis submitted in fslfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield December, 2006 List of Figures 1.1 Map of Europe with the study area shaded 3.1 Map of the sites included in the British dataset 3.2 The abundance of cereal items in the British dataset 3.3(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the British samples 3.3(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items 3.4(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the British samples 3.4(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the British samples 3.5 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat and barley items in the British samples arranged according to chronological phase 3.6 Correspondence analysis of highland samples with the selected wheat items arranged according to phases within each period 3.7 Correspondence analysis of the lowland samples with the selected wheat items arranged according to phases within each period 3.8 Map of the sites included in the German dataset 3.9 The abundance of cereal items in the German dataset 3.10(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the German samples 3.10(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items in the German samples 3.l1(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat items in the German samples 3.11(b) Plot of the selected wheat items in the German samples 3.l2 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat items in the German samples arranged according to chronological phase 3.13 Correspondence analysis of northern German samples with the selected wheat and barley items arranged according to phases within each period 3.14 Correspondence analysis of the southern samples with the selected wheat and barley . items arranged according to phases within each period 3.15 Map of the sites included in the French dataset 3.16 The abundance of cereal items in the French dataset 3.17(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the French samples 3.17(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items in the French samples 3.18(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the French samples 3.18(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the French samples 3.19 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat and barley items in the French samples arranged according to chronological phase 3.20 Map of the sites included in the Dutch dataset 3.21 The abundance of cereal items in the Dutch dataset 3.22(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the Dutch samples 3.22(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items in the Dutch samples 3.23(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Dutch samples 3.23(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Dutch samples 3.24 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat and barley items in the Dutch samples arranged according to chronological phase 3.25 Map of the sites included in the Swiss dataset 3.26 The abundance of cereal items in the Swiss dataset 3.27(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the Swiss samples 3.27(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items in the Swiss samples 3.28(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Swiss samples 3.28(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Swiss samples 3.29(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley grain items in the Swiss samples 3.29(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley grain items in the Swiss samples 3.30 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat and barley items in the Swiss samples arranged according to chronological phase 3.31 Map of the sites included in the Italian dataset 3.32 The abundance of cereal items in the Italian dataset 3.33(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the Italian samples 3.33(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items in the Italian samples 3.34(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Italian samples 3.34(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Italian samples 3.35 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat and barley items in the Italian samples arranged according to chronological phase 3.36 Map of the sites included in the Greek dataset 3.37 The abundance of cereal items in the Greek dataset 3.37(a) Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the Greek samples 3.38(b) Plot of samples showing the relative proportions of all items in the Greek samples 3.38(a) Correspondence analysis plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Greek samples 3.39(b) Plot of the selected wheat and barley items in the Greek samples 3.40 Correspondence analysis of selected wheat and barley items in the Greek samples arranged according to chronological phase 4.1 Map of the climatic regions of Europe 4.2 Map of the major quaternary sediments of Europe 4.3 Map of the major soil groups of Europe 5.1 Map of Late Bronze Age regional traditions 5.2 Map showing the distribution ofHallstatt chiefdoms 5.3 Map of the maximum extent of La Tene culture 5.4 Map of the provinces of western Europe List of Tables 2.1 Key to the cereal terminology used 2.2 List of the main sources utilized in the acquisition of data 2.3 List of sites in the database 2.4 List of plant parts and operations used to distribute them 2.5 Chronological framework 2.6 List of textual sources 2.7 List of passage contexts 3.1 Sample details 3.2 Abbreviations used in the analysis 3.3 British sites classified according to highland or lowland location 3.4 German sites classified according to northern or southern location 8.1 Classical Greek and Latin epithets used to designate cereal genera 8.2 List of Greek wheat epithets 8.3 List of Latin wheat epithets 8.4 List of operative and morphological characters associated with each Greek wheat epithet 8.5 List of operative and morphological characters associated with each Latin wheat epithet I...- J..• \ I ~'9~~,T./' , ~"\", 1 MapFig. 1.of Europe with the study areashaded Fig.3.1 Map of sites included in the British dataset. l.Abingdon, 2.Aston Mill Farm, 3.Baleshare, 4.Bierton, 5.Cannarthen, 6.Catsgore, 7.ChaIk (Gravesend), 8.Chester House, 9.Colchester, 1O.Danebury, 11.Deansway, 12.DOOLaw West, 13.Dragonby, 14.Dunstons Clump, 15.Forum Grain, 16.Gamston, 17.HalfPenny Ln (Didcot), 18.Hornish Point, 19.1lchester, 20.Maiden Castle, 21.Mingies Ditch, 22.Murton, 23 Old Shifford Farm, 24.Ounces Barn, 25.Poundbury, 26.Rock Castle, 27.South Shields, 28.Stanwick, 29.Thombrough, 30.Thorpe Thewles, 31.Viabies Farm, 32.Waterfront, 33.York Coney Street 35000 30000 25000 i' Cl) E 20000 17 Q) ~--------~-~I~~------~ '0"" 0 15000 -1------------1 ..' --.~--------l c:: [.Y 10000 5000 0 Fig.3.2 The abundance of cereal items within the British dataset. o M ftw rach <r c.oatlem <r ein gr em gr spt gr ftw gr o ~ +-----~~-----+------+-----~~-----+------+-----~ -1.5 2.0 Fig.3.3 Correspondence analysis plot of all taxa/plant parts in the British samples (coded by period). 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