Unit 8 TYPES OF SHIPS SPECIALIZED CRAFT Basic terms ^ tug ^ towing hook ^ towline ^fittings ^ towheam ^ fire fighting apparatus ^fire/foam monitor ^ salvage tug ^ distress signal ^ disabled ship ^ controllable pitch propeller ^ Kort's nozzle ^ oil rig supply vessel ^ offshore rig ^ icebreaker ^ dredger ^ grab/bucket dredger ^ pontoon ^ slewing/hoisting crane ^ hopper -^ barge ^ trawler ^ sturdy vessel ^ the catch ^ fish factory ship ^ seiner ^ craft Tugs The fixed or spring-loaded towing hook is at the after end of the superstructure. The transverse, curved steel hoops known as towbeams or strongbacks, are fitted so that the towline does not foul the after-deck fittings. The tug's engines need to be very powerful and, to increase manoeuvrability, the controllable pitch propeller and Kort's nozzle are now commonly fitted. Every port has at least one tug equipped with fire fighting apparatus, which consists of foam and fire monitors working from a platform on the mast. American tugs/towboats differ in appearance as regulations for crew accommodation result in a longer superstructure. Moreover, these tugs usually push and nose ships about harbours instead of towing them. Salvage Tug The ocean-going salvage tug is the largest of the family and she may be employed in towing a floating dock halfway round the world, or an oil rig from shipyard to drilling station. But most of her time is spent patrolling the international shipping lanes, just waiting for a distress signal. When this is received, the tug and other craft which have heard the signal, race to the disabled ship to compete for the salvage work. Oil Rig Supply Vessels These ships can be seen in various ports associated with underwater drilling for oil. The main functions of the ship are to carry stores, fuel oil, drilling water, cement, drilling gear and personnel to the offshore rigs, and to tow the rigs themselves to new stations and to handle their heavy anchor gear. All this work may have to be done in extremely bad weather and, therefore, these ships must be seaworthy and powerful. Icebreakers In Canada and in the Baltic many ferries and other craft have hulls which are strengthened for navigation in ice, but harbour and seagoing icebreakers are specially constructed to clear passages for other ships. The all-welded hull is different from any other type of vessel. Grab Dredger and Hopper The grab dredger is in its simplest form a pontoon with a slewing and hoisting crane capable of operating a double-chain grab. Many improvised craft are like this, but others have a seaworthy hull and propelling machinery. The grab dredger has an advantage over the bucket dredger in docks and basins, as it can work in awkward corners. Bucket Ladder Dredger The bucket ladder dredger has no hopper space, so the spoil must be transferred to hopper barges alongside. It may or may not be self-propelled. The endless belt of buckets moves round and, as each bucket reaches the bottom, it scoops up some spoil and carries it to the top of the ladder. Trawler The trawler is a fishing vessel and is engaged in all-the-year-round fishing, often in some of the stormiest waters in the world, and must therefore be a strong, sturdy vessel able to work in the worst of weather. Freezer Trawler and Factory Ship On the normal trawler the crew wash and gut the fish, and pack it on ice in boxes, where it will remain fresh for about fourteen days. The time which a vessel remains at sea is therefore restricted. The freezer trawler can remain at sea for many weeks longer than this as the catch is sorted, washed, gutted and then frozen into about 40 kg-blocks and retained at a temperature of about -28°C, until port is reached. The fish is then thawed out and either sold as fresh fish or kept in storage. The fish factory trawler carries the work a stage further while still at sea. The catch is not only cleaned and gutted, but also filleted, skinned and processed ready for the market. Seiner The seine net is shot, and hauled in, over the stem of the seiner. It is therefore necessary to have a clear space between the wheel-house and the stem. A. Comprehension & vocabulary A.1 State whether the statements below are true or false: 1. The hooks at the after ends of tugs prevent the towing line from fouling the deck fittings. 2. Harbour tugs are used in deep sea salvage. 3. Salvage tugs are available for assistance in cases of distress. 4. Oil rig supply boats cannot handle the heavy anchor gear of the rig. 5. Supply boats are seaworthy and powerful. 6. Icebreakers are strengthened for heavy strains. 7. A trawler can keep the catch for a month. 8. The seine net is shot and hauled over the bow. A.2 Supply the following missing word: • towing line • harbour • tug-boat • propellers • ocean-going • tow-boat • unberthing • towage • engine • feature • confined Tug-boats A tug is a relatively small and heavily built vessel of considerable l. __________ power, used for the 2. ____________ of ships at sea or to assist ships in manoeuvring in 3. _________________ waters, particularly when berthing and 4. _________________ . The full name for a tug is a 5. _________________ or 6. ________________ in American English. Tugs can generally be divided into 7. _______________ or short-haul tugs and 8. ____________ or long-haul tugs. A special 9. ____________ of all tugs is the very pronounced over-hang of the counter. In this way, if the 10. ____________ parts or falls slack into the water, it cannot foul the tug's 11. ____________ . A.3 Which types of ships are described below: 1. _ ____ ______ : a vessel with specially shaped how to make a navigable lane by cutting ice. 2. ___________ : a strongly built and fully engined vessel designed for hauling, assisting, servicing and pushing other ships. 3. ___________ : a craft for fishing with seine net. 4. ___________ : a vessel fitted with buckets engaged for deepening and cleaning a channel, fairway or an area. 5. ___________ : a vessel fitted for catching fish with trawls and for sorting, washing, gutting, freezing, filletting and processing fish. 6. _____ _____ : a vessel engaged for assisting disabled vessels at sea, fighting fires and other types of assistance. A.4 Answer the questions below: 1. What are the actions performed by a tug-boat? 2. What is the purpose of the towbeam? 3. What are the means of propulsion in modern tugs? 4. What are the fire-fighting appliances on board a tug? 5. Where and when are salvage tugs employed? 6. What are the main functions of an oil rig supply vessel? 7. Where are icebreakers employed? 8. What are the commonest types of dredgers? 9. What is the advantage of grab hoppers? 10. How does a normal trawler differ from a freezing trawler or a factory ship? 11. How is a seine net handled? B. Grammar B.1 Put the verbs in brackets into correct tenses: Fishing Fisheries can (divide) 1. __________ into three main categories. Drift net fishing (employ) 2. __________ mainly in relatively shallow waters and (prefer) 3. ______________ to (catch) 4. ___________ fish which normally (not lie) 5. __________ on the bottom. The most usual types of such fish (be) 6. ___ ________ herring, mackerel and pilchard. In line fishing hooks (attach) 7. ________ at three to four foot intervals to a long line. The hooks (bait) 8. _____________ and then (lay) 9. ______ __ in the sea. This method (use) 10. ___________ for bottom-lying fish such as cod. The more usual method (employ) 11. ____________ for bottom-lying-fish (be) 12. __________ the trawl which (operate) 13. ____________ by a trawler. C. Translation C.1 Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Le navi sono rimorchiate tramite cavi di rimorchio. 2. La nave rimorchiata deve essere a una distanza sufficiente dalla nave che la rimorchia. 3. I rimorchiatori d'alto mare sono molto piu grandi di quelli portuali con potenza superiore a 15 000 CV. 4. Sono usati per il salvataggio di navi in avaria e di navi che necessitano di rimorchio (towage) a un cantiere di riparazioni. 5. II cavo di rimorchio & dato volta alia poppa della nave che rimorchia e alia prua della nave rimorchiata. Bulwarks ——-————————----------------------------------------------------------------—— 6. II cavo di rimorchio si e incattivato nel verricello. 7. I rimorchiatori di salvataggio possono lavorare nelle piu rigide condizioni meteo. 8. Le chiatte possono avere propulsione propria oppure sono rimorchiate. Port Hole ________________________________________________________________ .