——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— mo(ve)mentS OF RESISTANCE Lev Luis Grinberg — 1 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— Israel: Society, Culture and History Series Editor: Yaacov Yadgar, Political Studies, Bar-Ilan University Editorial Board: Alan Dowty, Political Science and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Notre Dame Tamar Katriel, Communication Ethnography, University of Haifa Avi Sagi, Hermeneutics, Cultural Studies, and Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University Allan Silver, Sociology, Columbia University Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism and Ethnicity, London School of Economics Yael Zerubavel, Jewish Studies and History, Rutgers University — 2 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— mo(ve)mentS OF RESISTANCE Politics, Economy and Society in Israel/Palestine 1931-2013 Lev Luis Grinberg Boston 2014 — 3 — Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalog record for this book as available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2014 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved Effective February 13, 2018 this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Other than as provided by these licenses, no part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or displayed by any electronic or mechanical means without permission from the publisher or as permitted by law. Open Access publication is supported by: ISBN 978-1-936235-41-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-618110-69-5 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-618117-90-8 (open access) Cover illustration courtesy of WE - Festi-Conference for Creative Collectives, and Af magazine Co-Artistic Directors: Leo Lieberman, Rotem Rozental Branding and Concept: Yotam Kellner Producer: Noam Kuzar Artistic Director, Jerusalem Season of Culture: Itay Mautner Executive Director: Naomi Bloch Fortis Book design: Adell Medovoy Published by Academic Studies Press in 2014 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— To Yael — 5 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— — 6 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— Contents Acknowledgments 8 Abbreviations 9 Hebrew Terms 10 Prologue. A Personal Account: Reflections on the Design of a Progressive Research Program 12 1. Introduction: Political Spaces and Mo(ve)ments of Resistance 37 2. 1931 — An Arab-Jewish Civil Society Struggle against the British Colonial Government 60 3. 1959 — Wadi Salib Riots: Culminating a Decade of Ethnic Discrimination 90 4. 1960-1965 — The Action Committees’ Revolt: Full Employment Crisis, Failed Democratization and State Expansion 122 5. 1971 — The Black Panthers Movement: Ethnic Tensions and “Left-Right” Tribal Polarization 151 6. 1980 — Forum/13 Powerful Workers: Hyperinflation and the Challenge to State Autonomy 181 7. 1987-1993 — The Intifada: The Palestinian Resistance Mo(ve)ment 217 8. 2011 — The J14 Mo(ve)ment: The Emergence of the Occupy Repertoire of Resistance 251 9. Conclusion: On the Dynamics of Political Spaces—Time, Movement, Actors and Masses 275 List of Sources 314 Bibliography 315 Index 331 — 7 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— Acknowledgments Every book is a collective enterprise, personal signature and responsibility of the author notwithstanding. This book is the result of many years of work, debates with students and colleagues, and institutional support. I would like here to thank them all. First of all, for material support. This book has been supported by a grant of the Israel Science Foundation (409/09) and the Diller Fellowship of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at UC Berkeley. Also the President, Rector and Dean of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Ben Gurion University have given their financial support. Without this material aid I would not have been able to complete my work. Second, for hospitality. I want to thank the Professor Nezar Al-Sayyad and Professor Emily Emight of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and the Department of Sociology at UC Berkeley for hosting me during the writing of the book. Third, for the initiative and encouragement to write this book I owe special gratitude to Professor Yaakov Yadgar. Fourth, for the hard work good spirit and dedication of my research assistants, Assaf Bondy, Assaf Peled, Hagar Gutman, Rony Blank, Shahdi Rouhana and Yulia Shabshenko. Fifth, for wisdom and friendship. I have discussed the ideas of this book and some of its chapters with colleagues and friends that enriched this book. I would like to thank Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin, Andrew Arato, Avia Spivak, Daniel Maman, Debbie Bernstein, Gil Eyal, Jackie Feldman, Michael Burawoy, Michael Shalev, Musa Budeiri, Oded Lonai, Rashid Khalidi, Roee Livne, Sarit Helman, Tova Bensky, Uri Ram, Yehuda Shenhav, and Zeev Rozenhak. Sixth, for close involvement and generosity. I owe very special gratitude to Daniel De Malach and Rony Blank for reading and making substantial comments on the entire book. I want to thank a very sincere, clever and constructive anonymous reader that helped to improve my original version. Last and not least I thank Amy Asher for his comments and dedicated work in translating from Hebrew Chapters 2–7, and editing my English versions of the prologue and Chapters 1, 8, and 9. Seventh, for the soul. I want to thank Yael, my companion, for her encouragement and support of this very special project designed to articulate most of my work during the last twenty years. — 8 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— Abbreviations IAI — Israel Aviation Industries IBA — Israel Broadcasting Authority IDF — Israeli Defense Forces IEC — Israel Electric Corporation LIC — Labor Institutional Complex NUG — National Unity Government PA — Palestinian Authority PLO — Palestinian Liberation Organization OT — Occupied Territories WC — Washington Consensus WS — Workers’ Society WZO — World Zionist Organization ZLM — Zionist Labor Movement — 9 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— Hebrew Terms Ahdut Haavoda — United Labor Zionist Socialist party founded in 1919. Agudat Yisrael — Ultra-Orthodox Ashkenazi Party. Ayarot Pituach — Development towns. Balad — National Palestinian Democratic Party established in 1999. Dash — Democratic Party for Change, established towards 1977 elections. Gesher — Temporary splits of David Levy from the Likud in 1995 and 1999. Hadash — Democratic Front for Change. Established by the Communist Party and leaders of the Black Panthers in 1977. Haganah — The military organization of the Yishuv, and forerunner of the Israeli Defense Forces. Hapoel Hatzair — The Young Worker party, founded in 1905. Hashomer Hatzair — Zionist Socialist and Marxist Party established in 1919. Hevrat Haovdim — Workers Society, the name of the holding Company of enterprizes owned by the Histadrut. Histadrut — Shortened version of Hahistadrut Haclalit shel haovdim haivrim beeretz Israel, or General Federation of Hebrew Workers in the Land of Israel. Kadima — Namely “Forward” list formed before the 2006 elections by leaders splitting from Likud and Labor. Likud — Main right wing party established towards 1973 elections. Ma’arach — Alignment. A list of the Labor Party and Mapam formed leading up to the 1969 elections. Mafdal — National Religious Party. Mapai — Eretz Israel workers party; the ruling party of Zionism and the State of Israel from 1933 to 1977. It was founded in 1930 as a union of Hapoel Hatzair and Achdut Haavoda. Mapam — United workers party, established in 1948 by Ahdut Haavoda and Hashomer Hatzair. Meretz — Zionist left party established towards 1992 elections by Ratz, Shinui and Mapam. Moked — Socialist list in the 1973 elections. Moledet — Extreme right wing list supporting transfer of Palestinians — 10 — ——————————————————— Hebrew Terms ———————————————————— led by Gen. (res.) Rehavaam Zeevi in the 1992 elections. Morasha — Extremist religious national party temporal split from RNP in the 1984 elections. Ometz — Small center party list formed by former Treasury Minister Horowitz for the 1984 elections. Palmach — Elite underground militia established by the Haganah. Poalei Tzion — The Workers of Zion party founded in 1905. Poalei Tzion Smol — Marxist split from Poalei Tzion in 1919. Ra’am — Religious Muslim Party established in 1999. Rafi— Electoral list established by Ben Gurion in 1965, joined Mapai in 1968 forming the Labor Party. Ratz — Civil Rights Movement party established by Shulamit Aloni in 1977. Shas — Religious Ultra-Orthodox party established in 1984. Sheli — Left wing list towards 1977 elections, including Moked, Haolam Haze, and splinters from the Black Panthers and Labor Party. Shinui — Liberal party that was part of Dash in 1977, Meretz in 1992- 1999, and independent in1981, 1984, 1988 and 1999-2003 elections. Tami — Traditional Mizrahi list in 1981 elections. Tehia — Extreme right wing Split from Likud in 1981. Tsomet — Right wing list led by Gen. (res.) Raphael Eitan in 1992 elections. Yaad — Center list towards 1984 led by Gen. (res.) Ezer Weitzman. Yishuv — Literally, settlement. Used in Palestine (as elsewhere) to refer to the entire Jewish community. Yesh Atid — Center list organized towards 2013 elections. Yisrael Beiteinu — Right wing party led by Avigdor Lieberman since 2006 elections. — 11 — —————————————————— PROLOGUE —————————————————— Prologue A Personal Account: Reflections on the Design of a Progressive Research Program This book was born out of