th Louis 14 Timeline 1576/77, Edicts of Beaulieu, Poitiers and Nantes (defining Huguenot rights). 1598 1610 Confirmation of Edict of Nantes after death of Henri IV. 1620s French indirect involvement in the Thirty Years War (1618-48). Grace of Alais (limiting Edict of Nantes) to lessen danger of Huguenots being 1629 a state within the state. 1635 French declaration of war against Spain (war lasted till 1659). 1636 French declaration of war against Austrian Habsburgs (war lasted till 1648). 5 September . Birth of Louis, later Louis XIV, son of Louis XIII and his wife 1638 Anne (Ana) of Austria. 1640 Birth of Louis' brother Philippe. 14 May. Death of Louis XIII, accession of Louis XIV, regency of his mother - 1643 having set aside the will of Louis XIII -with Mazarin as ,first minister'. Peace of Westphalia (or of Münster where France had presided, while Sweden had presided at Osnabrück) between France and the Austrian 1648 Habsburgs France obtains sovereignty over bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun and gains the City of Breisach and the Landgravates of Upper and Lower Alsace. Civil war in France, the Fronde (or Frondes, distinguishing between the parliamentary Fronde, or Fronde of the judges, and the Fronde of the high 1648-53 nobility) directed against the power of the crown and the influence of Mazarin and his nominees. 1651 Louis XIV declared of age. Louis XIV crowned and consecrated at Rheims. 1654 Louis XIV takes part in war against Spain on northern, north-eastern and eastern frontiers of France. 1658/59, Louis XIV's journeys to southern and south-western of France. 1660 Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain: France has Roussillon and Cerdagne (ceded in 1493) returned and gains 1659 land in the Spanish Netherlands. From Spain's ally Lorraine France obtains the duchy of Bar and military routes across the duchy to keep Communications open with bishoprics ceded in 1648 and with Alsace. 9 June . Marriage of Louis XIV with Maria Teresa, infanta of Spain; she 1660 renounces her right to the Spanish throne against a promised dowry (which was never paid). France returns the duchy of Bar to the duke of Lorraine, the duke in his turn accepts the military routes and French fortifications along them. The Assembly of the Clergy condemns Jansenism. 9 March . Death of Mazarin; henceforth Louis governs (on Mazarin's advice) without a first minister; cabinet and conseil government develops and the civil service is increasingly bureaucratised. July. Louise de La Vallière becomes Louis' mistress. September . Arrest of Fouquet; his trial 1662-3, imprisoned for life at Louis' 1661 insistence in 1664. 1 November. Birth of Louis, dauphin of France. Between 1662 and 1672 five more children (two sons, three daughters) are born of Louis' marriage to Maria Teresa, none of whom survived infancy or early childhood. Birth of Louis' first illegitimate child; between 1662 and 1678 ten acknowledged illegitimate children are born to him; those who survive early childhood are legitimised. Beginning of military reforms; these continue throughout reign with improvement in discipline and Organisation, abolition of venality, introduction http://www.louis-xiv.de of new weapons, and fortresses built on new principles. Tax gathering by tax-fanners introduced experiment ally; contracts bought back the next year hut System re-established in 1680. Work begins to expand the gardens and the palace at Versailles; intensified 1668, completed 1695. Charles II sells Dunkirk (which Cromwell had won from Spain with French 1662 help) to Louis XIV for five million francs. Institution of hospital services throughout France. Boulonnais peasant revolt. Sorbonne's declaration against papal infallibility confirmed by Louis and the Paris Parlement 1663 Intendants take over administration of indirect taxation. French colonists in New France (Canada) reach 25,000 in number. French academies founded or recognised: 1663, Inscriptions and Medals, and Paintings and Sculpture; 1666, Science, and Academy of Rome; 1669, 1663-71 Music, Dancing; 1671, French Royal Academy; Architecture, and Botanical Garden. French trading companies founded and commercial treaties to promote trade signed. Companies: 1664, French West India Company and East India Company; 1665, French North Africa Company; 1669, French Company of the North; 1670, French Levant Company; 1673, French Senegal Company; 1663 1682, French Hudson Bay Company; 1698, French China Company; 1701, French Guinea Company. Treaties: 1662, with the Dutch Republic; 1663, with Denmark Norway and Sweden; 1671, with German Baltic free cities; 1683, with Morocco; 1684, with Algiers and Tunis; 1713, with all ex-enemies of the War of the Spanish Succession. Grande enquête into the resources of France. Port Royal closed to stop the spread of Jansenism. French soldiers take part in the war against Turks in Hungary (victory of St Gotthard). 1664 Silk manufactures begun at Lyons. Regulations for the ,free crafts' (i.e. the non-guild ones) in respect of hours of work, prices, holidays, etc. Containment of Huguenots begins. French protective tariff to promote own manufacturers. Grandes fêtes at Versailles. Colbert restores council of commerce. 1664/65 Bull (Regiminis Apostilici) against Jansenists registered by Parlement. French bombardment against pirates of Algiers and Tunis preying on French commerce. Council of justice founded to edit and formulate French codes, ordinances; work completed by 1685: 1669, for water and forests; 1679, for criminal cases; 1671, for civil cases; 1673, for commercial matters; 1681, for maritime matters; 1685, for colonial matters (code noir) 1665 Special tribunals sent to Clermont-Ferrand to deal with the nobility's harsh treatment of commoners (Grand Jours d'Auvergne); another to Forez next year. French occupy western half of Santo Domingo. Construction of the arsenal at Brest and the port of Rochefort. French participation in Anglo-Dutch war on Dutch side. At Peace of Breda 1665-67 France obtains Acadia, hut cedes to England Antigua, Montserrat and St Kitts. The Paris Parlement forbidden to discuss or vote on royal edicts before their registration. 1666 Silk manufactures begun in Paris at the Château de Madrid. Wool manufactures begun at Carcassonne. Construction of the Languedoc canal (Canal des Deux Mers) connecting the 1667 Atlantic and the Mediterranean, completed in 1684. http://www.louis-xiv.de The Gobelins factory established. Work begun on Louis' Mémoires. Greation of post of leutenant-general of Paris (minister for Paris) with a great variety of responsibilities. Francoise (Athenais de Montespan replaoes La Vallie're as Louis' mistress. French protective tariffs directed against England and the Dutch Republic. Workers' associations banned after revolts in Rheims and Lyons. Reduction in number of printers, to facilitate censorship. War of Devolution (of Queen's Rights) after negotiations with Spain over the unpaid dowry had failed; Flanders offensive (Louis present) successful and 1667/68 French gains made at Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in respect of the northern frontier (twelve fortified places); Franche-Comté (conquered 1668) restored to Spain. French establishment in Surat (India). Louis orders ,Church peace', forbidding public controversy between Jansenists, Gallicans and Ultramontanes. 1668 Secret partition-treaty with Leopold 1 for the Spanish inheritance. Creation of militia by Louis (by drawing of lots in parishes). The maritime inscription of sailors between the ages of 20 and 60 to serve one year in three or four in navy. Chamber of Commerce for Marseilles. 1669 First general règlement for the textile industry. Colbert takes over tile administration of the navy. Southward exploration and expansion from the Great Lakes into the Missouri 1669-77 valley by Marquette, Jollet and La Salle; westward expansion from New France by Jesuit missionaries from 1671. 1670-1688 Antifiscal revolt in the Vivarais. French factory established at Magilipatam (India). 1670 French preferential duties aimed at Dutch sugar refineries. Dutch virtual boycott of French goods. 1671 Town of Versailles started. Chapel begun, not completed till 1710. Dutch war, beginning with French invasion of the territory of the Republic and developing into a general war. French gains: from Spain, Franche-Comté and 1672- western Espanola (renamed Haiti); from emperor and Empire, sovereignty over 1678/79 Metz, Toul and Verdun, and French interpretation of sovereignty in respect of Alsace, including the Décapole, all confirmed. French concession: restoration of less harsh tariff (that of 1664) for the Republic. 1673 Controversy with papacy over régale begins. French re-coinage. 1674 French factory established at Pondichery (India). Antifiscal revolts in Bordeaux and in many towns in the south and west. 1675 Urban and rural antifiscal revolts in Brittany. The 'poisoning scandal' (the diabolist affair) breaks in Paris; investigation from 1676 1679. 1677 Vauban put in charge of fortifications; barrière de fer begun in 1679. Chair of French law established at the Sorbonne. 1679 Palace at Marly started. French persecution of the Jansenists. 1679- Increasing persecution of the Huguenots. http://www.louis-xiv.de 85 The Mississippi valley to mouth of river explored by La Salle, Folliette, 1679- Marquette, Hennequin and the Iberville brothers; French Colony of Louisiana 99 (named after Louis XIV) established in 1682. Taxes farmed again (gabelle, aides, traites and royal domains). 1680 City of Paris bestows title ,Le Grand' on Louis XIV. Reunion policy to annex to France or to claim sovereign rights over 1680- dependencies which formerly belonged to the gains of 1648, 1659, 1668 and 83 1678/9. Strassburg (which opened its bridge to Imperial troops in 1674 and 1677, permitting invasion of France) joins France under pressure (henceforth 1681 Strasbourg); local autonomy and religious freedom survive. The duke of Mantua sells Casale to France. French bombardment of Tripoli pirates. Birth of Louis' first grandchild, a boy from the marriage of the dauphin in 1680 with the Bavarian princess Marie-Christine; in all three legitimate grandchildren were born alive or survived infancy; by his legitimised children Louis had nine 1682 grandchildren.