Phylloxera Distribution in Washington State WSDA Pest Surveys & Quarantine rules Cindy Cooper, Program Manager Washington State Department of Ag 360-902-2062 No comprehensive state survey; Phlloxera is a non-native, quarantine pest History of Grape Phylloxera Detections in Washington State. Number of Number of Year sites surveyed Detections Locations 1910 1 1 Kennewick 1943 1 1 Vashon Island 1987 3 0 Nuseries, Yakima & Benton Co's 1988 109 8 vineyards, Wapato and Tri-cities 1989 unk 0 Nurseries 1989 unk 2 vineyards, Wapato and Tri-Cities 1990 12 0 vineyards 1991 1 1 no survey, residential, Olympia* 2014 165 2 Wapato** and Malaga, Yakima & Chelan Co's 2017 105 3 Wapato*** & Skamania Co. 2018 101 1 12 + One nursery, Benton Co. * 1st Leaf gall detection ** Wapato previous positive *** Wapato 1 new & 1 previous positive 1988 five nurseries were negative WSDA Phylloxera Survey Sites (2014 – 2019) WSDA Phylloxera Detections (2014 – 2019) 2019 Vineyard Survey- Collecting Root Samples 2019 WSDA Phylloxera Vineyard Survey- 278 samples collected by WSDA Tested by PCR for phylloxera presence All samples from vineyards, or WSU Clean Plant Center foundation block at Prosser 2 samples were Positive for phylloxera (both in commercial vineyards). CPC-NW foundation block was negative Samples collected, by county COUNTY # SAMPLES collected RESULTS ADAMS 2 NEG BENTON 20 1 POS (vineyard) CHELAN 24 NEG CLARK 1 NEG DOUGLAS 9 NEG FRANKLIN 23 NEG GRANT 9 NEG KITSAP 9 NEG SKAGIT 4 NEG WALLA WALLA 67 NEG WHITMAN 1 NEG YAKIMA 109 1 POS (vineyard) 2 positive vineyard samples 2019 What do we do now? Can I move vines and cuttings from my vineyard? From which states can I get clean (certified) grapevines? How do I know they are free of phylloxera? What does ‘certified’ mean? Best Practice: Source vines in WA Plant only certified vines and rootstocks, from WSDA certified nurseries There are 5 certified nurseries in Washington (list) CPC-NW (National Clean Plant Network) Prosser If propagating from your own stock, test the mother vine first, or at least use a vine not showing disease symptoms Why plant WSDA Certified Vines? Economically Rate positive Rate positive in important in WSDA G2 commercial Grape Viruses found certified blocks vineyards Grapevine red blotch *0% ^3.0% virus (GRBV) Grapevine leafroll- *1.7% ^25.0% associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) *This represents 5 years of data from 2015-2019, for over 60,000 vines sampled ^7K vines sampled Virus Tested G1-Nuclear stock Foundation Vines WSDA Quarantine Requirement: Importing Vines from outside WA The ONLY legal sources for new vines & rootstocks from outside WA are state certified nurseries in Oregon, California (& Canada) Nursery lists available FPS- UC Davis G1 stock Applies to ALL Vitis spp. plants- MUST only be imported from a certified source The only states with a grapevine certification program that meets our quarantine are: Oregon, California & Canada Clean Plant Center at Prosser or UC Davis Vines must come in with a phytosanitary certificate & WSDA must be notified in advance How is WSDA protecting the wine industry? Washington, Oregon & Idaho Departments of Ag have been meeting with industry and researchers since 2016 Goal 1: Harmonize grapevine quarantine rules in Washington, Oregon & Idaho Goal 2: Compare WA and OR certification rules and create a regional, harmonized standard to be used in both states. Goal 3: Make it easier to move certified vines between states, remove barriers to trade, protect industry WSDA Quarantine: What is staying the same? • Disease protection-Only certified vines from official state certification programs can enter Washington- • Programs approved for import are: WA, OR, CAL, & Canada (no other states!) Image(s) • Insect/Nematode Protection- Treatment to kill insects and nematodes (hot water treatment or fumigation), from infested states Harmonizing PNW ~ 78,000 acres Grape Quarantines ~ 30,000 acres • Grape acreage differs significantly among ~ 2300 acres three PNW states • Geographic proximity = similar pests WSDA Quarantine: Adding new pests Grape Quarantine pests: • Adding Q pests to harmonize with OR/ID (a) Grapevine fanleaf virus; and address survey findings- (b) Grapevine leafroll associated • ADD Grapevine Red Blotch Virus viruses; (c) Grapevine virus A; • ADD Glassy Wing Sharpshooter (vectors (d) Grapevine virus B; Pierce’s disease) (e) Grapevine Red Blotch Virus; • ADD European Grapevine Moth (f) Pierce’s Disease (Xylella • ADD Xiphenema index (vectors virus) fastidiosa); (g) Grapevine phylloxera (h) Vine mealybug • Surveys have found GRBV in vineyards (WA, (i) Glassy wing sharpshooter OR, ID) (j)European Grapevine Moth • WSDA surveys have not found GWSS or (k) Xiphenema index (nematode) EGV Moth, or X. index; WSDA Quarantine: What is changing? • Quarantine will make it clear that it applies to areas INSIDE Washington State found infested with a Q pest. Where GLRaV, GRBV and Grape Image(s) Phylloxera are found in WA, the site may be required to implement a Pest Management Plan (BMPs, insect control, restricted movement of vines/equipment from infected vineyards). WSDA Pest Management Plan: If you know your vineyard is infested- Avoid spreading phylloxera or leafroll viruses to new sites by implementing a Pest Management Plan; Viruses: Do not propagate using cuttings from vines showing leafroll or red blotch virus symptoms. Phylloxera: Replace own-rooted vines with tolerant rootstock-grafted vines, over time; All Pests: Only plant vines or rootstocks from WA, OR or CA nursery sources that are pathogen-tested/certified. Pest Management Plan Elements- Train staff to spot insect & disease symptoms Only plant state certified pathogen-tested vines & rootstocks Have mother vine tested for viruses before you take cuttings At harvest, clean soil & debris from equipment before leaving each field Awareness is Key! Thank You Cindy Cooper WSDA 360-902-2062 [email protected].