Donald G. Davis - Extraordinary features of Lechuguilla Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 62(2): 147-157. EXTRAORDINARY FEATURES OF LECHUGUILLA CAVE, GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO DONALD G. DAVIS 441 S. Kearney St., Denver, Colorado 80224-1237 USA ([email protected]) Many unusual features are displayed in Lechuguilla Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A. Early speleogenic features related to a sulfuric acid origin of the cave include acid lake basins and sub- terranean karren fields. Speleogenetic deposits, also products of sulfuric acid origin, include gypsum “glaciers” and sulfur masses. Features related to convective atmospheric phenomena in the cave include corrosion residues, rimmed vents, and horizontal corrosion/deposition lines. Speleothems of nonstandard origin include rusticles, pool fingers, subaqueous helictites, common-ion-effect stalactites, chandeliers, long gypsum hair, hydromagnesite fronds, folia, and raft cones. Other unusual features discussed are silticles and splash rings. This paper was originally developed as a poster presenta- were previously known but much better-developed and/or tion for the Lechuguilla Cave geology session at the 1996 more abundant in Lechuguilla than elsewhere. Categories National Speleological Society Convention in Salida, described here represent the peculiar things that make explor- Colorado. It is intended to convey an overview and basic ers experience Lechuguilla Cave as different from other caves. understanding of the cave’s remarkable suite of geologic fea- Following are the ones that seem particularly significant. tures, some of which are virtually unique to this cave. Others Lechuguilla Cave is a huge, bewilderingly complex, three- Figure 1. Line plot of Lechuguilla Cave. Guide to map locations: Nos. 2-18 are locations of figures in this paper; higher numbers below are named localities mentioned in the text. Blanca Navidad-19 Boundary Waters-20, Bryce Canyon-21, Chandelier Ballroom-22, Chandelier Graveyard-23, Darktown-24, Death Valley-25, East Rift-26, Emperors Throne Room- 27, FLI Room-28, FUNC Survey-29, Ghost Town-30, Ghostriders Balcony-31 Glacier Bay-32, Glacier Way-33, Grand Illusion-34, Here be Dragons-35, Hoodoo Hall-36, Jackpot-37, Jewel Box-38, Keel Haul-39, Lake Louise-40, Lake of the Blue Giants-41, Lake of the White Roses-42, Land of the Lost-43, Land of Fire and Ice-44, MBF Survey-45, Mental Breakdown-46, Northern Exposure-47, Pearlsian Gulf-48, Pellucidar-49, Prickly Ice Cube Room-50, Rim City-51, Rusticles-52, Shangri-La-53, Shelobs Lair-54, Snow Whites Passage-55, Southern Climes-Stratosphere Room-57, Stud Lake-58, Sulfur Shores-59, Vesuvius-60, The Void-61, Western Borehole-62. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 2000 • 147 98 • CAVES OF THE GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS dimensional maze, 475 m deep, with more than 170 km of sur- drained at least to the level of the acid lake in each area. veyed passage (Fig. 1). It fits the pattern defined by Palmer (1991) as a “ramiform maze,” which is characteristic of caves SUBTERRANEAN RILLENKARREN of hypogenic (rising-fluid) origin. The cave consists largely of Subterranean rillenkarren are spectacular deeply-grooved the following three morphologic elements: (1) large rooms and fields of limestone bedrock (Fig. 2), and are cave analogs of galleries; (2) intricate “boneyard” intergrading with break- the rillenkarren that more commonly develop from rain and down or underlying larger voids; and (3) deep, rift-like, usual- snow on surface karst exposures (Sweeting 1973). Such fea- ly slanting slots, which also may underlie larger spaces. The tures have been noted in thermal caves such as Lower Kane rifts and some boneyard pits were probably feeder vents for Cave, Wyoming, but those in Lechuguilla Cave and Carlsbad ascending hydrogen-sulfide-rich fluids, which, upon mixing Cavern are the best-developed examples known to the author. with oxygenated groundwater and/or reaching the water-table The cave rillenkarren were not formed by infiltrating sur- interface with air, developed sulfuric acid and dissolved the face water. The ceilings overhead are usually smoothly round- larger chambers. The input points probably moved eastward ed and show no signs of water influx. The karren usually clus- and downward over time as the Guadalupe Mountains were ter around floor joints, or small openings connecting to lower- tilted during the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods (Hill level chambers (which commonly are floored with calcite-raft 2000; Palmer & Palmer 2000). deposits). They are not active today, but seem to date from a Lechuguilla Cave, because it is deep and protected by its time when the regional water table was lowering, and when the small entrance cross-section and tight siltstone caprock from temperature gradient was relatively high. This drove a “distil- rapid influx of surface water and air, has a geothermally-driven lation-retort” effect. High evaporation at the water level caused temperature gradient in which the present average temperature the calcite rafts to accumulate, and condensation of the rising of the highest (entrance) part is about 2°C lower than its low- vapor at cooler levels attacked the bedrock and breakdown, est parts. In the more vertical sections of the cave, this gradi- etching the karren fields and resupplying dissolved calcite to ent drives convectional unidirectional airflow loops that cause the water below as the condensate trickled back down (Davis evaporation in warmer areas and condensation in cooler. This 1982, 1995). process, which was probably more intense in the past, has con- Subterranean rillenkarren have thus far been noted in the tributed to unusual suites of interrelated, corrosive and deposi- Guadalupe caves only in Lechuguilla, Carlsbad Cavern, and tional features in the cave. Mudgetts Cave (a small cave near Lechuguilla) - not in any of the otherwise similar caves elsewhere in these mountains. EARLY SPELEOGENS Lechuguilla and Carlsbad are also by far the largest Guadalupe caves known. This suggests that the presence of rillenkarren is ACID LAKE BASINS related to a particularly high intensity of the sulfuric acid cave- An acid lake basin may be thought of as a “negative rim- development process, which might have generated tempera- stone pool,” where a pond of aggressive water once stood, eat- tures high enough to drive sufficient evaporation/condensation ing away its floor and undercutting parts of the limestone walls to produce rillenkarren. The present temperature in these areas (Fig. 2). A distinct line marking the ancient water surface was is about 20°C. The paleotemperature has not been determined, thereby created. At least five examples have been recognized in but was probably not above 35°C (Palmer & Palmer 2000). Lechuguilla Cave, the most impressive being in the East Rift in The elevated temperatures may have been caused by exother- the Eastern Branch, and near the Pearlsian Gulf in the mic reactions involved in generation of hydrogen sulfide and Southwestern Branch. I am not aware of identical cases, con- its oxidation to sulfuric acid. fined to limited basins, reported from any other cave, but aggressive water, at the top of a phreatic zone or floodwater SPELEOGENETIC DEPOSITS zone, is known to form solution-beveled flat ceilings and wall notches in other caves (Ford & Williams 1989). Such wall GYPSUM “GLACIERS” notches, on a larger scale than the restricted basins mentioned Lechuguilla Cave contains thousands of tons of massive or here, were recently recognized in the Keel Haul to Northern laminated gypsum, which accumulated where groundwater Exposure area of Lechuguilla’s Western Branch. flow was not strong enough to carry away all of the sulfate pro- The East Rift acid lake basin has conical orifices in the duced by the sulfuric acid reaction with the limestone when the pool floor, which seem to have been source vents for corrosive cave was enlarging (Hill 1987). These gypsum deposits are up fluids and/or gases. Above the water line, upward-facing sur- to 10 m thick. faces are grooved by fields of rillenkarren, suggesting rapid Gypsum beds in Lechuguilla have been dissolved away condensation of highly aggressive films of trickling moisture. from large areas of the cave by later seeping and dripping sur- This topic is considered further in the next section. At some of face water, or by fresh-water reflooding below -290 m. The these basins, the rillenkarren are overlain by several centime- best-preserved remnants, in dry rooms and alcoves, are at least ters of granular gypsum, implying that the sulfuric acid cave 30 m long in some places, and strongly resemble miniature ice development process was still active when the cave had glaciers. The similarities include “bergschrund” gaps at the 148 • Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 2000 CAVES OF THE GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS • 99 upper edge of the mass; pits and “crevasses” in the body (Fig. is composed largely of iron, manganese, and aluminum com- 3), and “bergs” calving from the lower edge. These effects are pounds, or silica where on siltstone matrix (Cunningham et al. produced by dissolution pitting and by undermining at the con- 1995). The color ranges from dark brown (most common) to tact with moist underlying rock, rather than by mass flow and reddish, orange, yellow and black, depending on the substrate melting as in true glaciers. At least one good example can be which may be limestone, siltstone, or vein calcite. seen in every branch of the cave, the best being in the follow- Similar residues occur in other caves having sufficient ing chambers: Glacier Bay, Land of Fire and Ice, Prickly Ice relief and temperature gradients to drive convective airflow Cube Room, Blanca Navidad, and Stratosphere Room. cells (e.g., Wind Cave and Jewel Cave, South Dakota). But, as with other features considered in this paper, corrosion residues SULFUR MASSES seem more profoundly developed in Lechuguilla Cave than In most areas of the cave, hydrogen sulfide from oil and gas elsewhere.