FAVELAS IN THE 21ST CENTURY CITY MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE EXPERIMENTS AND THE IMAGE OF THE CITY IN RIO DE JANEIRO PEDRO RIVERA PRINCIPAL RUA ARQUITETOS DIRECTOR STUDIO-X RIO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR PUC-RIO ACCORDING TO THE UNITED NATIONS ABOUT 900 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE IN SLUMS WORLDWIDE BY 2030 THIS NUMBER WILL INCREASE TO 1,7 BILLION GARAU, SCLAR, CAROLINI. A HOME IN THE CITY, 2005 “Housing is not a problem. It has either been completely solved or totally left to chance; in the first case towers (...) in the second (in perfect complementarity) a crust of improvised hovels. One solution consumes the sky, the other the ground.” KOOLHAAS, GENERIC CITY, 1995 GLOBAL CITYSCAPE DHARAVI, MUMBAI GLOBAL CITYSCAPE RIO DAS PEDRAS, RIO DE JANEIRO “PLANET OF SLUMS” SHARING OF THE SENSITIVE* HOW ARE THE DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS REPRESENTED IN THE IMAGE OF THE CITY? AND HOW DOES IT INFLUENCES THE OPPORTUNITIES OF URBAN LIFE? *JACQUES RANCIÈRE GDP GROWTH ABOVE 4% 2011-12 HOW TO BUILD ANOTHER BALANCE BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL AREAS IN THE CITY? BRAZIL NOVEMBER 14TH 2009 7,5% GDP INCREASE IN 2010 2004-2009 28% REAL GAIN IN INCOME AND 5,6% DECREASE IN SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL CLASS MOBILITY CLASS 2005 2010 A/B 15% 21% C 34% 53% D/E 51% 25% RIO DE JANEIRO MARCOS CHAVES, EU SÓ VENDO A VISTA, 1998 PRE-SALT OIL RESERVES NEW PUBLIC SAFETY POLICIES ROCINHA, 17TH UPP, 2011 2016 OLYMPIC GAMES 12 MILLION PEOPLE METROPOLIS 6 MILLIONS PEOPLE IN THE CAPITAL 20% LIVING IN IRREGULAR SETTLEMENTS 625 FAVELAS, INCLUDING 144 “COMPLEXOS” METROPOLITAN RIO DE JANEIRO NORTH ZONE > CENTER > WEST ZONE SOUTH ZONE CITY GROWTH FAVELAS AND IRREGULAR SETTLEMENTS (IPP, 2000) POPULATION DENSITY (IPP, 2000) TRANSPORTATION NETWORK TRANSPORTATION NETWORK WITH NEW BRT LINES OLYMPIC VENUES THE REPRESENTATION OF THE FAVELAS: SICKNESS x SEXYNESS 20TH CENTURY FAVELA XIXTH CENTURY CORTIÇOS SHARED URBAN SPACE TURN OF THE XXTH CENTURY CITY BEAUTIFICATION SEGREGATED URBAN SPACE MORRO DA FAVELLA 50S AND 60S FAVELAS EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF REMOVAL POLICIES HOUSING BLOCKS IN THE PERIPHERY SOCIAL RESISTENCE AND RECOGNITION 80S PROGRAMA MUTIRÃO (COMMUNITY EFFORT CONSTRUCTION) 90S FAVELA-BAIRRO THE SYSTEM INCORPORATES THE FAVELAS: URBANIZATION OPPOSED TO REMOVAL POLICIES FAVELA-BAIRRO PHASE 1 PHASE 2 DURATION 1994-2000 2000-2007 TOTAL INVESTMENTS US$ 160 millions US$ 160 millions NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES 62 89 + 17* SOURCES OF FINANCE BID + CITY OF RIO BID + CITY OF RIO *1 IREGULAR SETTLEMENTS *2 BID 60% + CITY OF RIO 40% *PHASE 3 WAS MERGED INTO MORAR CARIOCA WHAT IS THE IMAGE OF CITY PROPOSED BY FAVELA-BAIRRO? SCALE SHIFT DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH RATES IN RIO IBGE SENSUS 2000 INFORMAL 2,4% FORMAL 0,38% 30% OF BRAZILIAN FAMILIES INCOME IS SPENT IN HOUSING HOUSE AT RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2004 HOUSE AT RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2007 HOUSE AT RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2009 HOUSE AT RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2010 ACESSIBILITY IMPROVEMENT IMPACT DEMOLITIONS FOR STREET OPENING - RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2004 DEMOLITIONS FOR STREET OPENING - RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2008 INFORMAL REAL ESTATE - RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2004 INFORMAL REAL ESTATE - RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2009 INFORMAL AND FORMAL HOUSING - RIO DAS PEDRAS, 2009 21ST CENTURY FAVELA PAC 2008-11 TOTAL INVESTMENTS US$ 640 millions* NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES 3 SOURCES OF FINANCE FEDERAL * Complexo do Alemão, Rocinha, Manguinhos MORAR CARIOCA 2012 2020 TOTAL INVESTMENTS US$ 1,07 billions US$ 3,2 billions NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES 219 totality SOURCES OF FINANCE BID + RIO BID + RIO *1 IREGULAR SETTLEMENTS NEW PARADIGMS TO INTERMEDIATE NEW BALANCES BETWEEN “CENTER” AND “PHERIPHERY” ASFALTO - FAVELA ASFALTO + FAVELA ASFALTO x FAVELA MEDELLÍN RESIGNIFICATION THROUGH MOBILITY RIO’S EXPERIMENTS IN ALTERNATIVE MOBILITY SYSTEMS DAILY TRAVELS CITY OF RIO SYSTEM % BUS 41,5 FOOT 33 PRIVATE CAR 9,5 VAN 4,8 SUBWAY 2,6 BYCICLE 2,1 TRAIN 1,3 TAXI 1,1 BOAT 0,8 OTHER 3,3 2006 MORRO DONA MARTA FUNICULAR LOCATION FAVELA IN THE SOUTH ZONE THE FIRST UPP / 2008 (PACIFYING POLICE UNIT) HOME TO 5,600 PEOPLE EXTREMELY HIGH DENSITY OF 841 INHABITANTS/HA 1,600 COMPUTERS THE FIRST FAVELA TO HAVE FREE WIFI INTERNET CONNECTION NEW TOURISTIC DESTINATION WITH SPECTACULAR URBAN VIEWS TOURISTIC INFORMATION AND TOUR VENUE FOR EVENTS, FILMING... ARTISTIC INTERVENTION NEW MICHAEL JACKSON’S STATUE CELEBRATING HIS VIDEOCLIP “THEY DON’T CARE ABOUT US”, RECORDED AT DONA MARTA IN 1996 MORRO DONA MARTA FUNICULAR (2 SEGMENTS) NUMBER OF INHABITANTS 5,600 DENSITY 841 inhabitants/ha LAUNCH YEAR 2006/2008 DURATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION LENGHT 430m NUMBER OF STATIONS/STOPS 5 TRAVEL TIME 10” OPERATIONAL CAPACITY 25/20 passengers + load USERS PER DAY WORKING HOURS 7am - 11pm CHARGE free of charge ESTIMATED TOTAL COST US$ 23 millions whole intervention SOURCES OF FINANCE State of Rio OPERATION EMOP (State of Rio) 2010 PAVÃO-PAVÃOZINHO PUBLIC ELEVATOR LOCATION 1983 FUNICULAR REOPENED THIS MONTH ELEVATOR US$ 21,4 MILLION INTERVENTION INTEGRATED TO THE METRO SYSTEM UPP IN 2009 1983 FUNICULAR RECENTLY RENOVATED MORRO PAVÃO-PAVÃOZINHO ELEVATOR (2 SEGMENTS) NUMBER OF INHABITANTS 11,000 DENSITY 665 inhabitants/ha LAUNCH YEAR 2010 DURATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION 11 MONTHS LENGHT 64 + 26m NUMBER OF STATIONS/STOPS 3 TRAVEL TIME OPERATIONAL CAPACITY 100 passengers simultaneous USERS PER DAY 5,000 passengers WORKING HOURS 5am - 0pm CHARGE free of charge ESTIMATED TOTAL COST US$ 21,4 millions SOURCES OF FINANCE BNDES OPERATION METRÔ RIO INTEGRATION METRO COMPLEXO DO ALEMÃO CABLE CAR LOCATION CONNECTION TO SUBURBAN TRAINS A HUGE COMPLEX COMPOSED BY 7 SLUMS, IN THE HEART OF THE NORTH ZONE, THE MOST POPULATED AREA OF THE CITY THE WORST IDH IN RIO HOME TO 69,000 PEOPLE A PLACE WITH AN EXTREMELY HIGH BUILD DENSITY WITH LACK OF PUBLIC SPACE AND FACILITIES DEMOLITIONS FOR THE STATIONS RELOCATION PLAN 3,5 KM OPERATIONAL CAPACITY: 35,000/DAY TRANSPORTED PASSENGERS: 9,000/DAY FARE: R$ 1,00 (US$ 0,57) RESIDENTS HAVE THE RIGHT TO 2 FREE RIDES PER DAY. TO APPLY FOR THE BENEFIT THEY MUST PROVE THEY LIVE IN THE COMPLEX. TOTAL PAC PROGRAM INVESTMENT: US$ 530 MILLIONS CABLE CAR COST: US$ 117 MILLIONS STATIONS PLANNED TO INCORPORATE PUBLIC FACILITIES PROPOSED EXTENSION TO LANDMARK IGREJA DA PENHA AND NEARBY SHOPPING CENTER POLICE & MILITARY OCCUPATION IN 2010 RIO = MEDELLÍN? SYSTEM DIMENSIONING WAS REPLICATED FROM MEDELLÍN DIFFERENT URBAN SITUATION CAPACITY OF 35,000 USERS/DAY ACTUAL USAGE 10,000 USERS/DAY POOR DESIGN & POLITICAL INTERFERENCE LACK OF OTHER MOBILITY ALTERNATIVES SOME PLANNED INFRASTRUCTURE WERE NOT FINISHED POOR PARTICIPATION MOST OF THE AVALIABLE SPACE IN THE STATIONS IS NOT BEING USED MORRO DO ALEMÃO CABLE CAR NUMBER OF INHABITANTS 69,300 DENSITY 389 inhabitants/ha LAUNCH YEAR 2011 DURATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION 22 months LENGHT 3,5 km NUMBER OF STATIONS/STOPS 6 TRAVEL TIME 16” OPERATIONAL CAPACITY 35,000 passengers / day USERS PER DAY 9,000 passengers WORKING HOURS 6am - 9pm CHARGE R$ 1,00 + 2 free travels /day ESTIMATED TOTAL COST US$ 117 millions SOURCES OF FINANCE FEDERAL (PAC) AND STATE GOVERNMENT OPERATION SUPERVIA (suburban trains) INTEGRATION TRAIN ANNOUNCED INTERVENTIONS MORRO DA PROVIDÊNCIA FORMER MORRO DA FAVELLA CABLE CAR + FUNICULAR LOCATION CONNECTION TO TRAIN, METRO AND BUS TERMINAL MORRO DA PROVIDÊNCIA CABLE CAR + FUNICULAR NUMBER OF INHABITANTS 5,500 DENSITY 304 inhabitants/ha LAUNCH YEAR not defined DURATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION - LENGHT 665m NUMBER OF STATIONS/STOPS 3 TRAVEL TIME OPERATIONAL CAPACITY 1000 passengers per hour USERS PER DAY - WORKING HOURS - CHARGE ESTIMATED TOTAL COST SOURCES OF FINANCE PROGRAMA MORAR CARIOCA OPERATION INTEGRATION TRAIN, SUBWAY, 2 BUS TERMINALS ROCINHA CABLE CAR + FUNICULAR LOCATION CONNECTION TO METRO ROCINHA CABLE CAR + FUNICULARS NUMBER OF INHABITANTS 69,100 DENSITY 652 inhabitants/ha LAUNCH YEAR - DURATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION - LENGHT 2500m NUMBER OF STATIONS/STOPS 9 TRAVEL TIME - OPERATIONAL CAPACITY 30,000 passengers per day USERS PER DAY - WORKING HOURS - CHARGE R$ 1,00 + 2 free travels /day ESTIMATED TOTAL COST US$ 375 millions SOURCES OF FINANCE FEDERAL (PAC) AND STATE GOVERNMENT OPERATION INTEGRATION SUBWAY PROS: MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE BRINGS VISIBILITY TO THE INTERVENTIONS IMPROVEMENT IN MOBILITY AND ACESSIBILITY STANDARDS NEW URBAN LANDMARKS FOR THE CITY IMPROVEMENT IN INHABITANTS SELF-ESTEEM CHANGE IN PERCEPTION ABOUT THE FAVELAS REBALANCE IN THE “SHARING OF THE SENSIBLE” CONS: LACK OF PLANNING AND WASTE OF RESOURCES LOW COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE DECISIONS POOR DESIGN STANDARDS DESIGN SUBJECTED TO POLITICAL INTERFERENCE AND NON-TECHNICAL DECISIONS NON-TRANSPARENT CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES NEGLECT OF OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE WITH LOWER VISIBILITY STIMULUS TO GENTRIFICATION AND DENSIFICATION CHALLENGES FOR RIO HOW TO ESTABLISH A PACT BETWEEN POLITICIANS, TECHNICIANS AND COMMUNITY TO ENSURE CORRECT DECISIONS AND AVOID UNWANTED INTERFERENCES DURING THE PROCESS? HOW PROMOTE INFRASTRUCTURE AS CIVIC AND PUBLIC SPACE? HOW TO INTEGRATE DIFFERENT MOBILITY SYSTEMS? HOW TO BRIG OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES SYSTEMS TO THE POLITICAL AGENDA AND ATTRACT INVESTMENTS? WHICH HYBRID INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS ARE POSSIBLE? HOW TO EXPLORE THE FAVELAS POTENTIALITY AND USE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT TO PROMOTE SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT? HOW THESE MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURES AFFECT THE “SHARING OF THE SENSITIVE”? MUCHAS GRACIAS [email protected].