Urban Governance and its Implications in Parque das Nações 4th semester project Urban Planning and Management Aalborg University The 8th of June 2018 4th Semester at Faculty of Engineering and Science Urban Planning and Management Rendsburggade 14 9000 Aalborg http://www.urban.aau.dk/ Title: Abstract: Urban Governance and its Implications Industrial brownfield regeneration projects in Parque das Nações have become, on the one hand, a way of re- Thesis: sponding to certain urban issues nowadays, but on the other hand, they have become Fourth semester project at Urban Plan- problematic due to the need of a high bud- ning and Management get. The thesis will be focused on how urban Thesis Duration: governance influenced the development of a new city district in Lisbon through the regen- nd th 2 of February 2018 - 8 of June 2018 eration of a brownfield site, which is nowa- days known as Parque das Nações or Park of Participant: Nations, and what was the outcome of ur- Paul-Adrian Radu ban governance. Three issues were chosen to be discussed: the rationale behind brown- Supervisor: field regeneration; urban governance in the Enza Lissandrello development process and, in the end, what is the outcome of urban governance and what gaps can be identified in this process. Meth- Frontpage picture: ods used in the analysis will be focused on [Catalão Monteiro on flickr, 2013a] literature review and interviews. The thesis aims to highlight the importance of reinte- grating the sites into the urban system, the Title page logo: interactions between stakeholders and deci- sions made in implementing a large-scale ur- [Forum for Sustainability through Life ban development project in a former brown- Cycle Innovation, 2018] field site and to present a new urban devel- opment practice created by the Portuguese State. The conclusion will highlight the suc- Normalpages: 113 cess of this project, its impact in Portugal but Appendix: 159 also its negative outcomes, putting a strong Finished: 08-06-2018 emphasise on the fact that it was 100% de- veloped by the State. This paper and its content is available without charge, however this thesis can be referenced for publication purposes only through the agreement granted by the author. Preface This thesis was written by an individual student on the 4th semester of the Urban Planning and Management master’s program at Aalborg University, representing the degree paper and the continuity of the research started in the 3rd semester, during an internship in Lisbon. I want to mention important persons that helped me conduct this research, therefore I wish to thank Associate Professor Enza Lissandrello, from Aalborg University, for supervising my research this semester. In addition, I want to thank my former internship supervisor from Lisbon, professor Margarida Queirós, from the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning (IGOT), University of Lisbon, for arranging an interview and for further insights on this project given during my stay in Lisbon. Finally, I want to thank the two interviewees for taking their time to debate the development project in Parque das Nações: Professor Emeritus Jorge Gaspar from IGOT and Pedro Neves, urban planner and owner of Global Solutions 4U. Reading instructions First of all, the referencing style applied in this thesis was Harvard, which can be identified as [Last name, Year]. Direct quotations can be identified as [Last name, Year, Page] and direct quotations from interviews can be identified as [Last Name, Year, Hours: Minutes: Seconds]. Other elements, such as pictures or tables, have the same referencing style and the ones that were elaborated by the author don’t have a source, only title. Furthermore, each reference is detailed and these details can be found in bibliography. Figures and tables are numbered before every title as following: if we have tables or figures in chapter 1, the tables are numbered as 1.1, representing the first table of the chapter, followed by 1.2 as the second table or figure and so on. Paul-Adrian Radu Study no. 20161840 v Table of contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Chapter 1 Introduction1 Chapter 2 Methodology5 2.1 Introduction.................................... 5 2.2 Scientific Approach................................ 6 2.3 Research Design ................................. 8 2.4 Methods...................................... 12 Chapter 3 Theoretical Approach 15 3.1 Introduction.................................... 15 3.2 Urban Governance ................................ 16 3.3 Urban Governance of Large-Scale Urban Development Projects . 17 3.4 Urban Governance of Brownfield Sites Regeneration ............. 19 3.5 Levels and Dimensions of Urban Governance ................. 24 3.5.1 Governance Cultures........................... 24 3.5.2 Governance Processes through which Bias is Mobilised . 28 3.5.3 Specific Episodes............................. 29 3.6 The Outcome of Urban Governance....................... 30 3.7 Illustration of Theoretical Approach ...................... 34 Chapter 4 Case Study Introduction 37 4.1 Parque das Nações (Park of Nations)...................... 37 Chapter 5 Empirical Analysis 41 5.1 Introduction.................................... 41 5.2 East Lisbon - from an Industrial Site to an Integrated Area......... 41 5.3 Episodes of Urban Governance in Parque das Nações............. 52 5.4 The Outcome of Urban Governance in Parque das Nações.......... 86 Chapter 6 Conclusion 111 Bibliography 115 Appendix A Appendix 127 A.1 The World Expo 98 site map ..........................127 A.2 The World Expo 98 - accessibility........................128 A.3 The Illustration of the Urbanisation Plan - World Expo plan and update . 130 A.4 Budget - contributions to the project......................130 vii UPM 4 Table of contents A.5 Parque das Nações - civil parish map......................131 A.6 Transcriptions...................................131 viii List of Figures 1.1 The location of Parque das Nações......................... 1 1.2 Aerial view of Parque das Nações.......................... 2 3.1 Institutional structure in Portugal ......................... 26 3.2 Illustration of Theoretical Framework ....................... 35 4.1 Parque das Nações - location and accessibility................... 37 4.2 The timeline of the urban regeneration project .................. 38 4.3 Parque das Nações - detail plans .......................... 39 5.1 An overview of the industrial area on the riverfront of Tagus........... 42 5.2 Successful social housing projects in Lisbon .................... 43 5.3 Actors in planning the World Expo 98 event.................... 55 5.4 Subsidiaries of Parque Expo 98, S.A......................... 59 5.5 Actors during the World Expo 98, Lisbon ..................... 64 5.6 Actors involved in the development of the new district.............. 73 5.7 Public administration structure in Lisbon Metropolitan Area .......... 74 5.8 The administration of Parque das Nações ..................... 76 5.9 The map of Detail Plans............................... 78 5.10 Actors involved in episode four of urban governance ............... 83 5.11 Former World Expo 92 site in Seville........................ 87 5.12 Eurovision Song Contest in Parque das Nações .................. 90 5.13 The A5 Motorway Lisbon-Cascais.......................... 91 5.14 Iconic infrastructures in Parque das Nações (on the left Vasco da Gama bridge and on the right Moscavide Train Station)..................... 93 5.15 Petrogal Tower.................................... 94 5.16 Tagus and Trancão Urban Park........................... 95 5.17 Jardins Garcia d’Ora................................. 96 5.18 Jardins Suspensos .................................. 96 5.19 Jardins da Água ................................... 97 5.20 Jardim das Ondas .................................. 97 5.21 Esplanada D. Carlos I................................ 98 5.22 Passeio Ribeirinho .................................. 98 5.23 Jardim Sul ...................................... 99 5.24 Cabeço das Rolas................................... 99 5.25 Urban management in Parque das Nações.....................100 5.26 Alameda dos Oceanos ................................100 5.27 Vodafone Headquarters ...............................101 5.28 Oceanarium (to the left) and Doca dos Olivais (to the right) . 102 5.29 Hotel Tivoli (to the left) and Hotel Art’s Executive (to the right) . 103 5.30 Torre de Vasco Di Gamma..............................103 ix UPM 4 List of Figures 5.31 Microsoft Headquarters in Parque das Nações...................104 5.32 Justice Campus in Parque das Nações .......................105 A.1 The expo site and its structures...........................127 A.2 Accessibility of Expo 98 ...............................128 A.3 Accessibility of visitors at Expo’98 .........................129 A.4 The Urbanisation Plan for the Intervention Zone . 130 A.5 Freguesia do Parque das Nações - map.......................131 x List of Tables 2.1 Research Design ................................... 9 2.2 Interviews....................................... 13 3.1 The Characteristics of Brownfield Sites....................... 20 3.2 Levels and Dimensions of Urban Governance ................... 34 4.1 Phases of development in Parque das Nações ................... 38 5.1 Interactions that influenced the granting of the Exposition............ 56 5.2 Strategic Objectives of the Urbanisation Plan................... 61 5.3 Decontamination Objectives............................. 63 5.4 Strategies for Expo 98...............................