TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 General Setting of Project Area .............................................................. 3-1 3.1.2 Resource Values and Uses Brought Forward for Analysis ..................... 3-1 3.1.3 Analysis Area ......................................................................................... 3-2 3.2 Air Quality and Climate Change ......................................................................... 3-2 3.2.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ..................................... 3-3 3.2.1.1 State and Local Air Quality Regulations ................................. 3-3 3.2.1.2 Federal Rules ......................................................................... 3-5 3.2.2 Study Area .............................................................................................. 3-7 3.2.3 Study Area Overview .............................................................................. 3-8 3.2.4 Existing Air and Climate Quality ............................................................. 3-8 3.2.4.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards ................................. 3-8 3.2.4.2 Clean Air Act Attainment Status ........................................... 3-11 3.2.5 Climate Change .................................................................................... 3-12 3.2.5.1 Emission Sources ................................................................. 3-13 3.2.5.2 Global Effects ....................................................................... 3-13 3.2.5.3 Regional Effects ................................................................... 3-14 3.2.5.4 Water Supplies ..................................................................... 3-15 3.2.5.5 Wildfires ................................................................................ 3-16 3.2.5.6 Species Migration and Extinction ......................................... 3-16 3.2.5.7 Air Pollution .......................................................................... 3-16 3.2.6 Visibility ................................................................................................ 3-17 3.2.7 Emissions Status .................................................................................. 3-17 3.2.8 Existing Emissions Intensity of Grid Electricity ..................................... 3-18 3.3 Cultural Resources ........................................................................................... 3-18 3.3.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ................................... 3-18 3.3.2 Region of Influence (Area of Potential Effect) ....................................... 3-20 3.3.3 Cultural History ..................................................................................... 3-21 3.3.4 Inventory Methods ................................................................................ 3-25 3.3.5 Known Cultural Resources ................................................................... 3-26 3.3.5.1 Proposed Action ................................................................... 3-26 3.3.5.2 Alternative 1 ......................................................................... 3-28 3.3.5.3 Alternative 2 ......................................................................... 3-29 3.3.5.4 Alternative 3 ......................................................................... 3-29 3.3.5.5 State Trust Land Route Variation Sub-alternative ................ 3-30 3.3.5.6 Primary Segment Common to All Action Alternatives ........... 3-30 3.3.6 Cultural Resources Sensitive to Indirect Visual Impacts....................... 3-35 3.3.7 Native American Land Use and Cultural Affiliation ............................... 3-37 3.4 Geology and Minerals ....................................................................................... 3-38 3.4.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ................................... 3-38 3.4.2 Regional and Local Geology ................................................................ 3-39 3.4.3 Geological Hazards .............................................................................. 3-41 3.4.3.1 Subsidence and Earth Fissures ............................................ 3-41 APS Sun Valley to Morgan 500/230kV Transmission Line Project i Final Environmental Impact Statement and Proposed Resource Management Plan Amendment June 2013 3.4.4 Mineral Resources ................................................................................ 3-43 3.5 Hazardous Materials and Hazardous and Solid Waste ..................................... 3-45 3.5.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ................................... 3-46 3.5.2 Study Area Conditions .......................................................................... 3-47 3.5.2.1 Hazardous Materials Sites .................................................... 3-48 3.5.2.2 Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites .......................................... 3-49 3.6 Land Use and Range Resources ...................................................................... 3-50 3.6.1 Land Use and Range Resources .......................................................... 3-50 3.6.2 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations and Standards .................................... 3-50 3.6.2.1 Federal ................................................................................. 3-51 3.6.3 Land Ownership, Planning, and Management ...................................... 3-52 3.6.3.1 Federal Plans ........................................................................ 3-52 3.6.3.2 State Plans ........................................................................... 3-54 3.6.3.3 Local Plans ........................................................................... 3-55 3.6.3.4 Future Planned Land Use ..................................................... 3-57 3.6.4 Existing Land Use ................................................................................. 3-58 3.6.4.1 Residential ............................................................................ 3-58 3.6.4.2 Commercial ........................................................................... 3-59 3.6.4.3 Recreation ............................................................................ 3-59 3.6.4.4 Industrial ............................................................................... 3-59 3.6.4.5 Utilities .................................................................................. 3-59 3.6.4.6 Mining ................................................................................... 3-60 3.6.4.7 Rights-of-Way ....................................................................... 3-61 3.6.4.8 Air Transportation Facilities .................................................. 3-62 3.6.4.9 Zoning ................................................................................... 3-62 3.6.5 Range Resources ................................................................................. 3-63 3.7 Public Health and Safety ................................................................................... 3-65 3.7.1 Noise..................................................................................................... 3-65 3.7.1.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ................... 3-65 3.7.1.2 Fundamentals of Acoustics ................................................... 3-67 3.7.1.3 Existing Noise Sources in the Study Area ............................ 3-69 3.7.1.4 Baseline/Ambient Noise Level .............................................. 3-71 3.7.2 Electromagnetic Fields.......................................................................... 3-72 3.7.2.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ................... 3-73 3.7.2.2 Overview of Electromagnetic Fields ...................................... 3-74 3.7.2.3 Electromagnetic Fields Health Overview .............................. 3-76 3.7.2.4 Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields .............................. 3-77 3.7.2.5 Electromagnetic Fields in Context ........................................ 3-80 3.7.2.6 Electromagnetic Fields and Transmission Lines ................... 3-81 3.7.2.7 Electromagnetic Fields and the Project ................................ 3-82 3.7.2.8 Summary .............................................................................. 3-83 3.7.3 Fire........................................................................................................ 3-83 3.7.3.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards ................... 3-84 3.7.3.2 Fire History and Data ............................................................ 3-84 3.7.3.3 Fuel Types ............................................................................ 3-84 3.7.3.4 Fire Regimes ........................................................................ 3-85 ii APS Sun Valley to Morgan 500/230kV Transmission Line Project Final Environmental Impact Statement and June 2013 Proposed Resource Management Plan Amendment 3.7.3.5 Fire Regime Condition Class ................................................ 3-85 3.7.3.6 Fire Management ................................................................. 3-86 3.8 Paleontology ..................................................................................................... 3-87 3.8.1 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards