SPIRIT-FILLED WOMEN: LOUISIANA’S UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH INTERNATIONAL AND MODERN AMERICAN CULTURE by GLENDA BRIDGES MITCHELL (Under the Direction of John Inscoe) ABSTRACT From only a handful of believers in 1901, the Pentecostal movement has become an international religious force. With over 525 million believers worldwide, Pentecostals are the largest family of Protestants in the world. This dissertation examines one of Louisiana’s largest Pentecostal denominations, the United Pentecostal Church International. “Spirit-Filled Women: Louisiana’s United Pentecostal Church International and Modern American Culture” explores the relationship between gender role ideology and social behavior in the Oneness Pentecostal movement and the United Pentecostal Church International. Its first section traces the history of the church’s development to 1945, both on the state and national levels. Within the early stages of Pentecostalism’s development, women held important leadership roles in churches and revivals. In the wake of World War II, however, women's leadership opportunities were limited and gradually they were excluded from the ministry on the basis of a biblical hierarchy of men over women. While United Pentecostal women embraced the rhetoric of the church’s hierarchy, they used their spiritual authority to voice their faith and fight for an improved status within the confines of the traditional church and family. The second section of this dissertation details the ways women used their spiritual gifts, such as speaking in tongues and divine healing, to voice their faith. It also examines the ways women have worked to redefine many of the church’s teachings on holiness and marriage to meet the demands of a changing society. Finally, this study explores contemporary Pentecostal women’s struggles to reassert their right to speak within the church by establishing powerful women's organizations and conferences. INDEX WORDS: Women and Religion, United Pentecostal Church International, Oneness Pentecostalism, Divine Healing, Holiness SPIRIT-FILLED WOMEN: LOUISIANA’S UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH INTERNATIONAL AND MODERN AMERICAN CULTURE by GLENDA BRIDGES MITCHELL B.A., Gardner Webb University, 1995 M.A., Western Carolina University, 1997 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 Glenda Bridges Mitchell All Rights Reserved SPIRIT-FILLED WOMEN: LOUISIANA’S UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH INTERNATIONAL AND MODERN AMERICAN CULTURE by GLENDA BRIDGES MITCHELL Major Professor: John Inscoe Committee: James Cobb Chana Kai Lee Sandy Martin Bryant Simon Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2003 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is always best to undertake a research project where the sources may easily be found. By not following this path, I have become indebted to many patient librarians and archivists. Steve and Gloria Rasco graciously assisted me in countless ways at the United Pentecostal Church International’s Louisiana District Museum and Archives. The librarians at Oral Roberts University, University of California Santa Barbara, and Northwestern State University responded to my many inquiries and helped me to locate research materials. A travel grant from the Friends of the Library at the University of California Santa Barbara and research grants from the University of Georgia’s Center for Arts and Humanities and the Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts’ Richard G. Brown Faculty Advancement Fund provided financial support for my research. During the course of my research and writing, I have become indebted to many individuals. My committee members, James Cobb, Chana Kai Lee, Sandy Martin, and Bryant Simon, have provided invaluable advice and insightful criticism. My advisor, John Inscoe, has been a constant source of support and guidance through all stages of this project. I also owe great thanks to the Pentecostal believers I have come to know and respect over the last few years. Steve and Gloria Rasco welcomed me to the archives, invited me to church services and v conferences, and patiently answered my questions. I am also indebted to the women who took time to tell me their stories of faith and answered endless questions to help me understand its importance in their lives. While they will not agree with all aspects of this dissertation, I hope they will sense the respect I have for them and know that I honestly tried to convey the depth of their faith to a wider audience. I also owe much thanks to my family and my in-laws. They have never questioned my efforts and decisions. My husband, Jimmy Mitchell, has lovingly and patiently supported this project from its beginnings. He never doubted my abilities and always assured me that my research was valuable. His cooperation and encouragement have enabled the completion of this project, and I am profoundly grateful to him. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 THE FIRE SPREADS: THE EMERGENCE OF ONENESS PENTECOSTALISM ......................................................... 22 2 “FOR SUCH A TIME AS THIS”: WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP IN EARLY PENTECOSTALISM, 1901-1945 ........................... 54 3 “WE DID ALL WE COULD”: THE CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP, 1945-1970 ............................... 78 4 “I HAD TO TELL MY STORY”: WOMEN’S NARRATIVES OF HEALING IN THE PENTECOSTAL CHURCH, 1945-1970 .104 5 “IN THE WORLD BUT NOT OF IT”: HOLINESS AND GENDER, 1945-1980 ...........................................................................131 6 “I SURRENDER ALL”: MARRIAGE, FEMINISM, AND SUBMISSION, 1960-1990 ................................................154 EPILOGUE ......................................................................................186 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................196 INTRODUCTION On New Year’ s Day of 1901, Agnes Ozman experienced the gift of speaking in tongues at Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kansas. According to J. Roswell Flowers, founding secretary of the Assemblies of God, Ozman’ s experience “ made the Pentecostal movement of the twentieth century.” While other believers had experienced the baptism of the Holy Spirit, Ozman was one of the first to assert that speaking in tongues provided Bible evidence of this baptism. Seven years later another woman, Alice Taylor of New Orleans, Louisiana, gave the first documented account of a person experiencing the baptism of the Holy Ghost in Louisiana. Taylor wrote a letter to the Apostolic Faith magazine declaring that “ we fasted and prayed, and Glory to His Name, He made himself known in our midst, and came and baptized with the Holy Ghost and fire.” She thanked the Lord for “ bringing his saints together as Jesus prayed in the seventeenth chapter of John. He is giving the gift of speaking in tongues and other gifts.” In the United States and specifically Louisiana, women ushered the gifts of the Holy Spirit into the twentieth century. Was it mere coincidence that both these believers were women or was it the fulfillment of the biblical prophecy that God would pour out His Spirit on both “ menservants and maidservants” and that His “ sons and daughters will prophesy” and become witnesses. 1 1First quote from Susan Hyatt, “ Spirit-Filled Women,” in Vinson Synan, ed. The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901-2001 (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2 Today, over 200 million believers worldwide are members of classical Pentecostal denominations, making them the largest group of Christians outside of the Roman Catholic Church. The sheer size and diversity of Pentecostalism often leads to confusion about the movement. Pentecostals come in a variety of forms and encompass an array of beliefs and practices. While it is difficult to develop a definition for this religious tradition, its adherents generally share at least two beliefs. They assert that the gifts of the Holy Spirit described in the New Testament, such as prophecy, healing, and speaking in tongues, are still available for believers. Secondly, they believe that conversion to Christ must be followed by another life-transforming event known as the baptism of the Holy Spirit. Typically this experience is evidenced by the believer speaking in unknown tongues at the moment of baptism. While there are different emphases among Pentecostals even on these matters, Pentecostals agree that baptism of the Holy Spirit is the beginning of Christian life. 2 The Pentecostal movement is usually dated from Ozman’ s experience in January 1901. For a brief period after Ozman and her classmates experienced Holy Spirit baptism, they piqued the public’ s curiosity and received some attention from the press. However, public interest in this new “ tongues movement” faded quickly. It resurged in 1906 when an edition of the Los Angeles Times reported a “ new sect of fanatics… breaking loose” at a ramshackle warehouse on Azusa Street. 2001), 233-234; Second quote from Apostolic Faith, September 1, 1907; Acts 2: 28-29. 2The gifts of the Holy Spirit are outlined in I Corinthians 12, 14; Edith Blumhofer, Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois