Special Issue Nepal J Biotechnol. 2020 Oct; 8(2): 76-81 Research article DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njb.v8i2.31889 Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Publisher: Biotechnology Society of Nepal ISSN (Online): 2467-9313 Journal Homepage: www.nepjol.info/index.php/njb ISSN (Print): 2091-1130 Study of the Impact of Organic Manures and Biofertilizers on growth of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Chhaya Bhalshankar New Arts Commerce and Science College, Shevgaon, Dist.-Ahmednagar, M.S. (India) Article history:- Received: 15 Jun 2020; Revised: 20 Sep 2020; Accepted: 1 Oct 2020; Published online: 22 Oct 2020 Abstract Weeds are wild plants growing where they are not wanted, and they compete with the cultivated crop for nutrition. Though they are seen as agricultural waste throughout the year, they are rich sources of nutrients. They grow in abundance during the rainy season, but as the season ends these biomasses get wasted. In the present investigation, Tephrosia hamiltonii Drumm belonging to family Fabaceae, and Achyranthes aspera L. belonging to the family Amaranthaceae were used as a nutrient source to develop crop Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Weed manures, Vermicompost and Compost, were prepared by using weeds T. hamiltonii Drumm and A. aspera L. in 1:1 proportion. Chemical analysis of weed and weed manures were done before administering it into the soil. Neem cake was also used as one of the organic manures. In the experiment, a single dose of biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria were mixed with Weed Vermicompost, Weed Compost and Neem cake; and in one of the treatments, only biofertilizers were used indouble dose. Treatments were given to the crop as ATVB, ATCB, NCB, BioD, NPK, and Control in a randomized block design of experimental plot size 1.5X 1.5 m. The use of chemical pesticides or fertilizers was completely avoided except for NPK treatment plots. Single plant analysis of pulse crop P. aureus Roxb. was done. Observations were recorded in the forms of fresh weight and dry weight of root, stem, leaves, leaf (4th number), and legumes. Total fresh yield (kg ha-1), DM (kg ha-1) increase over control, and Nitrogen efficiency ratio were recorded. Results showed that %DM (an increase over control) and DM kg ha-1 recorded highest in ATVB treatment and the highest N efficiency ratio was in BioD. The present investigation emphasized reducing the input cost of the farm products along with protection of the environment and natural resources. Keywords: Biofertilizer, Neemcake, Organic agriculture, P. aureus, Weed compost, Weed Vermicompost. Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Introduction algae, fungi; they can provide nutrients to crops [5, Recent agricultural trends are focused on both 6]. Among Biofertilizers, beneficial bacteria are reducing the usage of inorganic fertilizers by using Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Rhizobium, symbiotic fungi organic manure and applying biofertilizers such as Mycorrhizae; they are essential in crop production. vermicompost and phosphatic biofertilizers [1]. Biofertilizers improve plants’ resistance to an Microbial activities play a key role in agriculture unfavorable environment [7]. The biological manure because they are significant in the movement and helps to increase crop yields, and also plays a vital availability of minerals required for plant growth role in the nutrient accessibility in soil by improving and ultimately lower the use of chemical fertilizers the physical, chemical, and biological structure of [2]. The maintenance of nutrients in the soil is most soil, and it enhances the utilization of applied important for healthy plant growth [3]. Biofertilizers fertilizers [8]. In developing countries, residue enhance soil health and crop yield. They improve management is very important as the amount of fertility of soil, nutrient uptake, decomposition of nutrients in crop residue is several times higher than crop residue, and microbial diversity of soil. They the quantities of these nutrients applied as high cost also reduce the requirement of chemical fertilizers fertilizer [9]. [4]. The use of excessive chemical fertilizer, however, Weed plants compete with the agricultural crops; causes hazardous effects on the soil, leading to they cause a tremendous reduction in crop yields serious problems; thus, biofertilizers are important and increase their production costs. Several alternative sources of nutrients. They are scientists have estimated such losses in crop yields biologically active microorganisms, like bacteria, in different parts of India. A very broad-based ©NJB, BSN 76 Nepal J Biotechnol. 2020 Oct;8(2) [Special Issue]: 76-81 Bhalshankar average of these estimates show that weeds reduced sprinkled to maintain moisture. Finally, amorphous, productivity of wheat by 15-30%, rice by 30-35%, and dark brown, well fermented compost was obtained maize, sorghum, pulses and oilseeds by 18-85% within 70 days. Fresh weight of Compost obtained each. Many cases of complete crop failure due to from pit was 33 kg. Same procedure was applied for weeds particularly in upland rice and vegetable vermicomposting, only with the addition of the crops were recorded [10, 11, 12]. T. hamiltonii Drumm. worms in the pits after 15 days (Worms’ variety and A. aspera L. are the weed plants used in the Eudriluseugeniae and Iceniafoetida). Identification of present study. The present study emphasized earthworms was done by the method prescribed in conversion and utilization of weeds beneficially by Fauna of India and Adjacent countries [13]. The prepared vermicompost was used for field trials. using them for the preparation of compost and Fresh weight of vermicompost obtained from pit vermicompost. Neem cake is a residue left after the was 32 kg. The uniformly mixed samples (100 g) extraction of neem oil and used as an organic were collected immediately from the pit for nutrient fertilizer. With the utilization of these organic analyses. Chemical analyses of weeds and weed manuresalong with biofertilizers like Azotobacter manures and Neem cake were done using oven and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria for the dried and pulverized powder of samples. All the cultivation of Pulse crop P. aureus Roxb. belonging to manures compost, vermicompost and neemcake the family Fabaceae. (1000 kg ha-1)were mixed with biofertilizer We can minimize the cost of production, increase Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizing bacteria at output per hectare by using organic manures like the rate 25 kg ha-1 (recommended dose); and only compost, vermicompost prepared from weed Biofertilizer double dose treatment 50 kg ha-1 in two biomass, Neem cake, and biofertilizers for the split doses were applied to appropriate plots except production of crops and for sustainable agriculture. chemical fertilizer (NPK) plots. The Mung (P. aureus Roxb.) Variety “Raj Biotech” Balwan R.J. Biotech, Pvt Material and Methods Ltd. Siddharth Arcade, Station Road, Aurangabad The experiment was conducted during March 2008. was sown in the research plots of size 1.5 x1.5 m. at A summer variety of P. aureus Roxb. was cultivated the rate of 20 kg ha-1. at college campus of New Arts, Commerce and Application of Inorganic Fertilizers Science College, Shevgaon District Ahmednagar, The inorganic fertilizers were supplied to the (Maharashtra), India. Shevgaon extends between experimental plots as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) 19013 North latitude to 19035 North latitude and and Potassium (K) through urea, single super between 75001 East longitudes to 75037 East phosphate (SSP) and muriate of potash at the rate of longitude. 25 kg N, 50 kg P and ‘0’ K kg ha-1 (25:50:0) only for Weed collection and preparation of fertilizer treatment plots. Entire amount of P2O5 and manures K2O and N was applied at the time of sowing. The The fresh vegetation of weeds i.e. Aghada (A. aspera crop supplemented with irrigation during periods of L.) and Unhali (T. hamiltonii Drumm.) were collected growth and whenever necessary weeding was done. from different localities and chopped into small Use of insecticides and pesticides was completely pieces (2-3 cm) by locally available iron cutter. Equal avoided. amount (6944+6944 kg ha-1) 1:1 proportion mixture Seeds were planted in rows at a distance 30 cm x 10 of weed pieces were used for the preparation of cm. Soil was murum so the crop was grown under compost and vermicompost. To prepare compost frequent irrigation after each 8-10 days. Sample from this material was placed into pit (90x90x90 cm) and each plot was brought into laboratory chopped into then added cow dung, soil and weed plant material 3-4 cm pieces. Measured amount of biomass was layer by layer and sprinkled with water per kept in digital electrical oven separately in pre- requirement. Finally, the compost pit was sealed weighted tray at 95±50C for 48 hours or more till with dung-mud mixture to prevent loss of heat and constant weight. Weight of dried samples were moisture. After partial decomposition first turning reported as DM. Results were used to calculate was given after 15 days for homogeneous %DM, DM Kgha-1, increase over control and decomposition, subsequent turnings were given after every 15 days interval. Sufficient water was Nitrogen efficiency ratio of crop. ©NJB, BSN 77 Nepal J Biotechnol. 2020 Oct;8(2) [Special Issue]: 76-81 Bhalshankar Results Table 1. Analyses of weeds administered in experimental plots through compost and vermicompost weed manures. Here,weeds used were A. aspera L. and T. hamiltonii Drumm. Kg plot-1 (Plot size 1.5 m X 1.5m) Fresh weight DM Nitrogen % Kg Kg % Weed Name plot-1 ha-1 DM Kg ha-1 % N Kg ha-1 Ash P K C C:N Achyranthes 1.56 6944 19.29 1339.50 2.03 27.19 17.43 0.123 0.43 10.11 4.99 Tephrosia 1.56 6944 22.40 1555.46 1.94 30.18 18.57 0.115 0.51 10.77 5.54 Table 2.Analyses of weed manure and Neem cake amendment along with biofertilizer.