ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES COMMON TO MAN AND ANIMALS Third Edition Volume I Bacterioses and Mycoses Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580 PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 U.S.A. 2001 Also published in Spanish (2001) with the title: Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre a los animales ISBN 92 75 31580 9 PAHO Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2001. 3 vol.—(Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580) ISBN 92 75 11580 X I. Title II. Series 1. ZOONOSES 2. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND MYCOSES 3. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL 4. FOOD CONTAMINATION 5. PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARY 6. DISEASE RESERVOIRS NLM WC950.P187 2001 En The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to the Publications Program, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©Pan American Health Organization, 2001 Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, ter- ritory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the Pan American Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS Prologue . vii Preface to the First Edition . ix Preface to the Second Edition . xi Introduction . xv PART I: BACTERIOSES Actinomycosis . 3 Aeromoniasis. 6 Animal Erysipelas and Human Erysipeloid . 14 Anthrax . 21 Botulism . 28 Brucellosis. 40 Campylobacteriosis . 67 Cat-scratch Disease . 78 Clostridial Food Poisoning. 82 Clostridial Wound Infections . 87 Colibacillosis. 90 Corynebacteriosis . 99 Dermatophilosis. 103 Diseases Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria . 107 Diseases in Man and Animals Caused by Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae. 117 Enterocolitic Yersiniosis. 122 Enterocolitis Due to Clostridium difficile . 132 Food Poisoning Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus . 138 Glanders . 142 Infection Caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus and C. cynodegmi. 146 Leprosy . 149 Leptospirosis . 157 Listeriosis . 168 Lyme Disease . 179 Melioidosis . 184 Necrobacillosis . 190 Nocardiosis . 195 Pasteurellosis . 199 Plague . 207 Pseudotuberculous Yersiniosis . 218 Rat-bite Fever . 226 Rhodococcosis. 229 Salmonellosis. 233 Shigellosis . 247 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning . 251 Streptococcosis . 257 Tetanus . 265 Tick-borne Relapsing Fever . 271 iii iv CONTENTS Tularemia . 275 Zoonotic Tuberculosis . 283 PART II: MYCOSES Adiaspiromycosis . 303 Aspergillosis . 305 Blastomycosis . 311 Candidiasis . 315 Coccidioidomycosis. 320 Cryptococcosis . 326 Dermatophytosis . 332 Histoplasmosis. 339 Mycetoma . 345 Protothecosis . 348 Rhinosporidiosis . 350 Sporotrichosis . 352 Zygomycosis . 356 Index . 361 LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS Bacterioses Tables 1. Foods giving rise to botulism, and number of outbreaks, United States of America, 1899–1977 . 31 2. Number of cases and deaths from human plague in the Americas, 1971–1980 . 210 3. Outbreaks of foodborne salmonellosis in selected countries, 1981–1985 . 235 4. Distribution of tetanus morbidity according to political division and climate, Argentina, 1967–1977 . 267 Figures 1. Animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae). Mode of transmission . 17 2. Anthrax. Transmission cycle . 25 3. Botulism (transmitted by foods). Reported cases and deaths per year, United States of America, 1960–1980 . 29 4. Reported cases of botulism per year, Argentina, 1967–1981 . 32 5. Bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus). Mode of transmission . 52 6. Swine brucellosis (Brucella suis). Mode of transmission . 53 CONTENTS v 7. Caprine and ovine brucellosis (Brucella melitensis). Mode of transmission . 54 8. Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter jejuni). Mode of transmission. 70 9. Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter fetus). Probable mode of transmission . 75 10. Enterocolitic yersiniosis (Yersinia enterocolitica). Supposed mode of transmission . ..