Genetics - part one Simple Genetics (One Gene for One Trait) n Mendel’s Pea Plants. – Tall or short. – Round or wrinkled. – Etc… n Dominant & recessive. n Purebred or Hybrid. n Simple Punnett Squares. Gregor Mendel TEST 1 on SLIDES 1-19 1 n Gregor Mendel was a monk who worked with pea plants in the mid 1800’s. Today he is known as “Father of Genetics.” He was curious about the “factors” acting on inheritance. Are there patterns? 2 What is Genetics? n Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with heredity. n Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. – Parents à offspring n Traits are characteristics of an organism. – Human examples: height, hair, eye color. 3 1 Genetics - part one n Gene: a section/piece of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait. § Alleles = alternate forms of a gene (Ex: Blood type A/B/O). § Genes tend to come in pairs (alleles). n DOMINANT: an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele present. – (CAPITAL LETTER) n recessive: an allele hidden by dominant. – (lower case letter) n Genotype: genetic makeup; allele combinations. – (Ex: BB, Bb, bb) n Phenotype: physical appearance of an organism (Ex: Brown hair) 4 How to make a test cross (aka Punnett Square) Parent #1 alleles Offspring Offspring Offspring Offspring Parent #2 alleles 5 6 2 Genetics - part one Diagrams & math can be used to predict the probability that a trait will pass from parent(s) to offspring. Punnet Squares 7 8 Complete this test cross between two purebred pea plants: T T t t T = tall stem t = short stem 9 3 Genetics - part one 10 11 Where are genes? n Genes & chromosomes come in pairs. Most human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus containing just under 30,000 genes. 12 4 Genetics - part one 13 CHROMOSOMES n Half from each gamete (sperm and egg). n But what about asexual reproduction??? 14 Code Conservation n All species on Earth use the same chemical code (GTCA). Biodiversity comes from SNP’s along a gene sequence. 15 5 Genetics - part one Must Know n Allele Challenge n Chromosome Terms n DNA (GTCA) n Central Dogma n Dominant n Co-dominance n Gene & Genetics n Dihybrid cross n Genotype n Diploid n Heterozygous n Haploid n Heredity n n Homozygous Histones n Hybrid n Gametes n Meiosis n Locus (Loci) n Mutation n Mutagen n Offspring n Pedigree chart n Phenotype n Purines (A & G) n Probability n Pyrimidines (T & C) n Punnett Square (Cross) n Purebred n Recessive 16 n Traits Challenge Mendel’s Dihybrid cross n We can look at two traits simultaneously using a dihybrid cross. n Consider shape & color in peas – R: round r: wrinkled – Y: yellow y: green – Cross two heterozygotes RrYy x RrYy – Try in your notes now! 17 RY Ry ry rY RY Ry ry rY 18 6 Genetics - part one 19 GENETICS PART TWO -COMPLEX- NON-MENDELIAN 20 DNA Structure understood 1953 Watson & Crick Rosalind Franklin21 7 Genetics - part one DNA *Human Genome mapped in 2003 22 Central Dogma DNA à mRNA à Protein 23 The Limits of Mendel’s work n Mendel’s experiments with pea plants looked at one gene for one trait. – This pattern of inheritance is called Mendelian.. § Some examples: Cheek dimples, face freckles & cleft chins § Tom Bradyà n Few human traits actually obey this model 24 8 Genetics - part one Polygenic Traits n Most human traits are polygenic, which means they are controlled by multiple genes. – This leads to a wide array of phenotypes. – Simple Punnett squares do NOT work for polygenic traits. § EX: Human height & eye color. 25 Dynamic Development (GxE) n Genes interact with their environment (GxE) – In other words, there is a relationship between your genetics & the way you live your life. § Nutrition, hormones, sensory input, physical and, etc… n Epigenetics: Markers & tags (i.e. methyl groups), along with histones affect the epigenome of an organism. 26 Mutations n Mutations are changes in the DNA bases. – G. T. C. A. – Change can be letter addition, substitution, deletion or inversion. n Mutations can be good, bad or indifferent to an organism. n Mutagens are agents capable of causing a mutation, such as UV light or certain chemicals. 27 9 Genetics - part one Mutations & Evolution n Mutations drive evolution. – Since all living things use the same chemicals (G.T.C.A.) for their “code,” changes are necessary to give rise to new species. § A concept better known as genetic variation. – Observed at the taxonomic levels (D.K.P.C.O.F.G.s.) n Genetic Variation à Biodiversity. 28 Glowing mutant mice, frog/duck genetic mutants. 29 Drug resistant bacteria, mushroom mutant, lungfish, tomato mutations. 30 10 Genetics - part one 31 Quotes: n “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer.” -Albert Einstein.! ! n “I'm not out there sweating for three hours every day just to find out what it feels like to sweat.” -Michael Jordan.! ! n “Some people want it to happen, some wish it would happen, and others make it happen.” -Michael Jordan. 32 CALGENE 1994-1997 First GM Tomato approved by FDA 33 11 Genetics - part one Human Genome Project 1987-2003. [~3.3 billion base pairs] Faroe Islands (Denmark) ~ 50,000 People. Genome sequencing project for entire population (2013) 34 12 .