Earthquake-resistant Design for Architects Revised edition To whom this report may interest, There are many earth quake prone countries in this world, not only Japan Therefore, at various occasions we were requested to explain our efforts and initiatives for reducing the risk of future earth quakes. After the Great Hanshin Earthquake, we had studied various methods to reduce the damages to ensure inhabitants lives, through collaborations of architects, structural engineers, building mechanical engineers and various specialists. Those considerations were realized in the book “Taishinkyohon” by the Japan Institute of Architects. The book was also revised after the Great East Japan Earthquake experiences. Owing to the language barriers, we are not able to explain easily our initiatives to outsiders. Therefore, we had tried to publish it in an English edition. Nevertheless through economic diculties, English editions had not been translated until now. In 2014, NPO called Japan Aseismic Safety Organization (JASO), decided to donate for the English translation, and furthermore their members donated for editing in English to form this report as well. A free report with internet download http://www.jaso.jp/ Since original Japanese book was published by publisher Shokokusha in Tokyo who still has the right to publish this book, we finally agreed that we would not sell commercially, but disperse only as a delivered free booklet with internet downloads. Therefore, anyone who likes to study is able to download from the HP of JASO who is holding their rights for the English Translations. http://www.jaso.jp/ Thank You、 March 14, 2015 The Committee for the English translation and publishing, HISAICHI SATO, JASO JUNICHI NAKATA, JIA JASO KAZUO ADACHI, JIA JASO NORIYUKI OKABE JIA JASO Edited by TORU NAKADA , JIA JASO the Japan Institute of Architects and Japan Aseismic Safety Organization Earthquake-resistant Building Design for Architects Revised edition Edited by the Japan Institute of Architects and Japan Aseismic Safety Organization Shokokusha Foreword Katsumi Yano Former-head of Japan Aseismic Safety Organization Earthquake resistance for users I was greatly shocked after reading the damage report of the Great East Japan Earthquake published by the Condominium Management Companies Association Editorial Committee of “Earthquake-resistant Building Design for Architects: Revised edition” for six prefectures of Tohoku. After surveying 1,642 condominiums they found “no severely damaged building” according to the Architectural Institute of Japan’s evalu- Committee members Mitsugu Asano, Kazuo Adachi, Toshio Okoshi, Shoeki Kurakawa, ation criteria for post-earthquake damage. In contrast, they found “100 demolished Wataru Kuroda, Junichi Nakata, Masahiro Hirayama, Yoshikazu Fukasawa buildings” according to the victim’s certificate issued under the Act Concerning Sup- List of coauthors port for Reconstructing Livelihood of Disaster Victims. This difference arises from Mitsugu Asano (Nikken Housing System Ltd.) two different viewpoints, an engineering assessment made of the degree of damage to Kazuo Adachi (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) Kazuhiro Abe (AB Jusekkei Registered Architects Office) a building, or an assessment made from the user’s perspective. Yoshifumi Abe (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) It is known that high-rise buildings raise a population density high, and upper Shinichi Ara (Orimoto Structural Engineers) Masatoshi Iida (Orimoto Structural Engineers) floors are subject to extreme shaking, making them in need of comprehensive coun- Hiroshi Ida (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) termeasures. Although the fire damage suffered in large densely-populated cities like Hiroshi Inao Hiroshi Inoue (Inoue Hiroshi Architects Office) Tokyo tends to be greater, in terms of fire protection the building industry has de- Takeshi Umeno (Kume Sekkei Co., Ltd.) pended solely on meeting laws and regulations. Toshio Okoshi (Tokyo Soil Research Co., Ltd.) Yukio Osawa (FMC) When considering the points to be improved, based on these facts, structural Hiromasa Katsuragi (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) engineers should calculate velocity response values (not only acceleration and dis- Mika Kaneko (Shimizu Corporation) Mamoru Kikuchi (Archetype Architects Office) placement) and check that they are appropriate. Facilities engineers should ensure Takahiro Kishizaki (Nichiou Architecture Inc.) functions while securing various service flows between life lines and buildings. In the Shoeki Kurakawa (Kurakawa Planning) Wataru Kuroda (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) case of exterior major facilities, when the building has piles, pile foundations should Susumu Kono (Kono Susumu & Architects) be adopted. Moreover, I would think that, in many cases, the assumptions of relative Sadako Koriyama (Kohriyama Architect & Associates) Jo Koshi (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) displacement between buildings and the ground have been insufficient. Yoshio Shimada (Shimada Architect Studio) Regarding the earthquake resistance of finishing materials, I hope architects Tsunehide Takagi (InterSection Inc.) decide countermeasures based on in-depth discussions with structural engineers. Tetsuo Tabei (Tokyo Soil Research Co., Ltd.) Taiki Tomatsu (Nihon Sekkei, Inc.) Both modern architecture and users are much diversified. There is a great difference Junichi Nakata (Mayekawa Associates, Architects & Engineers) between the aged and the young in their response capacity to an earthquake and in Hiroo Nanjo (Atelier Nanjo Inc.) Hanji Hattori (KR Kenchiku Kenkyujo) their ability to escape. Therefore, architects should consider both lower and upper Masahiro Hirayama (Kankyo Systech) floors, ground areas liable to quake, urban areas with high fire risk, and so on. Other- Yoshikazu Fukasawa (Mitsubishi Jisho Sekkei Inc.) Hiroyoshi Hasegawa (Nihon Sekkei MedicalCore, Inc.) wise they will not be trusted by society. Takashi Hirai (formerly of Nikken Sekkei Ltd.) Doctors provide both the diagnosis and prescribe the remedy. I hope architects, do Tetsu Miki (Kyodosekkei, Satsukisha Registered Architects Office) Narifumi Murao (Architect) not hide from earthquakes behind laws and regulations, but rather become an excel- Shigeo Morioka (Alphi-Design) lent architect in the same way as an excellent doctor. I hope structural engineers and Akiko Yamaguchi (Orimoto Structural Engineers) Kazuhiro Yamasaki (Orimoto Structural Engineers) facilities engineers also do not shelter behind current earthquake laws and standards, Hirofumi Yoshikawa (Orimoto Structural Engineers) but rather find partners who do their best while worrying and struggling with each Takashi Yonemoto (Orimoto Structural Engineers) individual decision concerning such areas as design, cost, structure, etc. Coordinators Although there have been many earthquake resistance textbooks for structural Toshikazu Sato (Japan Aseismic Safety Organization) Shinya Tsutsui (The Japan Institute of Architects) engineers, there are few books like this textbook which takes a comprehensive view Toru Nakata (Japan Aseismic Safety Organization) of architecture from many individual perspectives including design, facilities, and construction. I offer my congratulations on the publishing of this extraordinary book Binding & text design Tomoko Ihara (FEDL) as a concrete realization of the passion and enthusiasm of the coauthors. Introduction Junichi Nakata Chairperson of the board of directors, Japan Aseismic Safety Organization Former chairperson of the Anti-Disaster Measures Committee, the Japan Institute of Architects This book is a newly-revised edition of “Earthquake-resistant Building Design for electrified functions stopped, and the daily lives of many people were greatly affected. Architects” (Shokokusha, 1997). The first edition was compiled by the Japan Institute For the revised edition, based on experiences from the first edition of 1997 of Architects (JIA) and based upon a review of the damage and the effects of the through to the Great East Japan Earthquake, the issues recently revealed were re- Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake which occurred early on January 17, 1995; the purpose viewed including structure, the effects of tsunamis that had previously been put to the was to expand architects’ education on earthquake-resistant design. side and regarded as not related to buildings, but nevertheless caused great damage to The destruction in the Hanshin-Awaji area caused by the Hyogoken-Nanbu Earth- buildings in the Great East Japan Earthquake, and liquefaction that caused considera- quake, a giant earthquake hitting modern cities, was a traumatic incident for the ble damage in the Tokyo metropolitan area, as well as the long-period seismic motion architects and architectural engineers of that time. The Japan Institute of Architects of skyscrapers. The revised edition has been fully rewritten with additional content recognized the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to designing archi- including community fire prevention plans, new concepts for community develop- tecture which could stand against earthquakes. The Institute worked in fields related ment, and business continuity plans (BCP), as well as preparing for a direct earth- to architecture including architectural structure, equipment and design, and held quake hit in the Tokyo area. In addition, the content on the issue of infrastructure and consecutive symposiums on earthquakes viewed from many different perspectives. It energy as well as the latest findings on communication functions at the time of the then compiled the findings of the symposiums into “Earthquake-resistant