EARLY ITALIAN OPERA AND THE FORM OF LYCIDAS by MARCIA GAY WILBER VOOIS B. A., College of Mount Saint Vincent, 1964 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of English KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1962 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Brewster Rogerson 10 ^ C,^ CONTENTS Page Early Italian Opera and the Forin of Lycidas 1 Appendix 27 List of Works Cited 34 - EARLY ITALIAN OPERA AND THE FORM OF LYCIDAS I. The relation of John Milton's poetry to the art of music has been a sub- ject of broad and continuing interest among twentieth-century scholars— inter- est substantially justified by much of the poet's background, as well as by the content of his works. While there has been no great accumulation of works ex- ploring the extent and significance of this relation, there have been several important and generous contributions which are now a part of our fundamental knowledge about Milton. Among these are to be listed studies by Sigmund Spaeth, James Holly Hanford, and Ernest Brennecke, the last of whom, though his subject is Milton the elder, tells us much that is relevant to the musical background in which the poet grew up.' But of all the studies thus far, perhaps the most directly relevant and fully argued is the section on Milton in Mrs. Gretchen Finney's book. Musical 2 Backgrounds for English Literature : 1580 - 1660 , which develops a case for the influence of contemporary Italian opera on the structure of Comus . Lycidas , and Samson Agonistes . In an initial survey of Milton's musical imagery, Mrs. Finney uncovers what she considers a strong affinity with certain new and exciting de- velopments in seventeenth-century music— in particular, the revolutionary exper- iments of the Italian inventors of opera. Opera, or the dramma per musica as it was first called, was the most spec- tacular fruit of the efforts of the Florentine Camera ta , which set out in the Milton's Knowledge of Music : Its Sources and Its Significance in His Works (Princeton, 1913); "AppeHS^irTT^ AlTfltoirH^d5o5"k7Tth Id. (New SoWH^AW^ this takes up the Italian tour and its musicological implications; John Milton the Elder and His Music (New York, 1938). 2 New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1962, pp. 161 - 237. 1580's to reform the vocal music of its day. The Camerata was at first composed almost entirely of literati , not professional musicians, and their alms were primarily literary. They wanted to revise techniques of text-setting in order to preserve the Integrity of poetry In its musical rendition, and thus to pre- vent the laceramento del la poesia or tearing the poetry to pieces— the Inevitable result of polyphonic techniques. Secondly, they wanted to emulate the achieve- ment of the Greeks, which they believed to have been a perfect marriage of word and music, making the two arts as one. Opera then was the Camerata 's attempt to reproduce Greek tragedy, 1n their view the very pinnacle of the Greek achievanent. In the first drammi per musica— Perl's La Dafne in 1597, and the Eurydice of Perl and Caccini in 1600— the musical Innovations of the Camerata took their definitive form in the appearance of recitative or monody, and thereby effected the funda- 3 mental revolution of all baroque music. Mrs. Finney suggests that for the mature Milton, as for the Camerata , the Ideal relation of music to verse was that of servant to master. In the sonnet to Henry Lawes, for example, the composer was praised not for "imaging divine harmony" but for setting words justly to music, in that he First taught our English Musick how to span Words with just note and accent.... and also for serving the poet: Thou honour' st Verse, and Verse must send her wing 3 Basically recitative was a solo voice freed of all polyphonic ties, at its best moving dynamically and expressively over a stable bass. See Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era (New York, 1947), pp. 1- 19; 55 - 62. 5 To honour thee, the Priest of Phoebus Quire - That tun' St their happiest lines in hymn or story. Thus, Milton agreed, knowingly or unknowingly, with those Italian theorists ' "i who had asserted that ,^ ff' ...music is [first] nothing other than the fable, and last and not the contrary, the rhythm and the sound. Mrs. Finney is led by this concurrence of views to question its implications. The problem of Milton's awareness of the Italian 'school' remains a tantalizing one. Did he recognize his kinship with Italian theorists, poets and composers, who had, like himself, judged music by its effects, who denied, as he did in maturity, that man-made music is based on a natural law that makes of it an in- evitable image of the universe? What was the extent of his acquaintance with the early experiments in producing a new music that would project the meaning of words, without which music merely pleased the ear? There are no positive answers to these questions, but one can find illumination, perhaps, by turning from the musical imagery of Milton's poems to their themes and their structural organization... * And the next three chapters of her book are accordingly devoted to just such studies of Comus, i Lye das and Samson Agonistes , pointing out their structural ties with this revolutionary yet classical form that would surely have attract- ed the attention of Hilton as it did of all the musicians of Europe. Particularly provocative is Mrs. Finney's study entitled "A Musical Back- ."*^ ground for Lycidas Because of the complexities of its form. Lye i das has for ^Finney, p. 170. Sjbid., p. 174. fijbid., pp. 195 - 219. -4 . many years led scholars to considerable speculation about Its sources. These Include not only pastoral elegy as Hanford has shown us, and not only the Ital- ian canzone as we learn from F, T. Prince; but If we believe Mrs. Finney the 7 * Italian dranma per musica as well.' In her study she finds evidence of the di- rect Influence of two In particular: La Fa vol a d'Orfeo written by Monteverdi in 1607 to a text by Alessandro Strlgglo; and Steffano Landl's La Morte d'Orfeo written In 1619. The nature of this influence, along with her sery sensitive and perceptive reading of Lyci das , makes for a particularly interesting and com- plex case; but it seems to roe that extended consideration of that case raises a few problems. Since Mrs. Finney's researches do indeed present themselves as solutions to the subtle mysteries of the form of Lyci das , in this paper I should like to take a closer look at her findings and to try to clarify the issues which I think they raise. n. I Mrs. Finney begins her study with an analysis of Lyci das that proceeds on this basis: Only a close and careful analysis of the 'verse paragraphs' of Lyci das from the point of view of possible musical setting can serve to establish the first point— that the poem shows definite struc- tural parallels with sung poetry of Milton's day, and that it suggests a definite manner of musical setting which was peculiar to a specific musical fonn.S She has set out to look at the poem from a precise point of view, that of pos- 7"The Pastoral Elegy and Milton's Lyci das ," PMLA, 25 (1910), 403 - 447; The Italian Element In Milton's Verse (Oxford, 1954) ^Finney, p. 198. sible musical setting. And hor objectives are also quite definite: to establish that the poem shows structural parallels with sung poetry of its day, and that it suggests a certain manner of musical setting. In making her analysis Mrs. Finney considers the lines of the verse para- graphs and finds that they fall into natural groups or sections which are musi- cally identifiable as recitative, aria or chorus. The first nine lines of the poem, for example, obviously represent a prologue, she says, which is ostensibly sung by a shepherd, but which Is general and noble enough to suit a personifi- cation of Tragedy. That it would certainly be sung in recitative is indicated by its definite declamatory pauses and harsh consonants, as well as by its pos- ition as prologue. On the other hand, the liquid alliteration and lyricism of the next five lines, as well as the comment they make upon the preceding pro- logue, suggest chorus. At the beginning of paragraph two, the formal address and broken pauses indicate a return to recitative, this time sung by a shepherd. The analysis continues in this vein, and very sensitively responds to the "word music" of the lines to Identify appropriate kinds of musical setting. Such var- iations in the poem's style are noted as these: in one place, a solo voice In quasi -recitative; a lighter, gayer passage, perhaps set to a pastoral 6-8 or 12-8 meter; a declamatory monologue indicating recitative; or a meditative sec- tion suggesting chant-like recitative; and so on. (The text of the poem, divid- ed and labeled according to Mrs. Finney's reading, is reproduced in the Appendix.) The breakdown of the text is momentarily concluded at line 84 ("Of so much fame In Heav'n expect thy meed"), which represents the end of the first of three major divisions of the poem. The second division, beginning with line 85 ("0 Fountain Arethuse, and thou honour'd flood"), Mrs. Finney finds to be entirely in recitative, in the form of declamatory dialogues which suggest oratorio.