Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato This page intentionally left blank Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato Edited by Waqas Wakil Department of Entomology University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Gerald E. Brust CMREC-UMF University of Maryland Upper Marlboro, Maryland, USA Thomas M. Perring Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, California, USA Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-802441-6 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Andre Gerhard Wolff Acquisition Editor: Nancy Maragioglio Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane Designer: Matthew Limbert Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals This narrative was written by Dr. Marshall W. Johnson, one of Dr. Oatman’s Ph.D. students. We dedicate this work to the memory and contributions of Earl R. Oatman (1920–2015), Emeritus Professor of Entomology, University of California, Riverside (UCR), United States. Professor Oatman grew up in the agricultural setting of rural, eastern Oklahoma. He joined the United States Army prior to America’s involvement in WWII. Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, he was taken prisoner in April 1942 at the age of 22. He experienced the infamous Bataan Death March from which he escaped and evaded the Japanese for about 1 year. He was later retaken prisoner and held for 3 years, eventually being sent to Japan where he did slave labor in a zinc mine. He was freed following the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following the war’s end, Professor Oatman earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Missouri at Columbia. He continued his education at the University of California, Berkeley, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Entomology in 1956, studying under Professor A. E. Michelbacher, an early proponent of the “integrated control” concept. Afterward, he joined the Entomology faculty of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where his research focused on integrated control of ar- thropod pests of deciduous fruit trees. In 1962, he was hired into the Division of Biological Control of UCR’s Department of Entomology, where his primary responsibilities were research and instruction (undergraduate and graduate). Professor Oatman’s research focused on the biological control and integrated pest management (IPM) of arthropods at- tacking vegetable crops (e.g., tomatoes, broccoli, and potatoes) and small fruit (strawberries). These cropping systems historically received frequent applications of pesticides due to low cosmetic thresholds. In the 1960s and 1970s, he was one of a handful of researchers who pioneered the use of alternative controls and IPM approaches in tomatoes and other vegetable crops. Major pests that he and his team of colleagues and students targeted included the tomato fruitworm, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson), and veg- etable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard. Studies were conducted on population monitoring, biological control (conservation, augmentation, and classical), timing of chemical applications based on pest densities, selective pesticides, natural enemy biology and ecology, non-target impacts of broad spectrum pesticide use, economic analysis of manage- ment approaches, and mating disruption using pheromones. Results from the studies of Professor Oatman and his associates demonstrated that calendar-based, unilateral chemical con- trol for the complete array of tomato pests was unnecessary and sometimes resulted in upsets of secondary pests (e.g., Liriomyza leafminers) within the crop system. By integrating selective pesticides, such as formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis spores, and augmentative releases of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, it was possible to control the direct fruit pests (e.g., H. zea, S. exigua, K. lycopersicella) without decimating the natural enemies that held leafminers in check. The desire to use the most effective egg parasitoids in augmentative releases stimulated Professor Oatman to conduct foreign exploration for effective Trichogramma species and become a world expert on the biology and systematics of this genus in collaboration with Professor John Pinto. These efforts contributed to the development and success of today’s com- mercial insectaries that produce Trichogramma for commercial farming operations. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Contributors xiii 4.5 Chemical Control 33 Foreword xv 4.6 Management of Viruses Transmitted by Preface xvii Aphids 34 4.7 Integrated Pest Management 35 5. Economics of Management Strategies 35 SECTION I 6. Future Prospects and Conclusion 36 Introduction References 36 3. Thrips: Biology, Ecology, and 1. Tomato and Management of Associated Management Arthropod Pests: Past, Present, and David Riley, Alton Sparks Jr., Rajagopalbab Future Srinivasan, George Kennedy, Greg Fonsah, Waqas Wakil, Gerald E. Brust and Thomas M. Perring John Scott and Steve Olson 1. Introduction 3 1. Introduction 49 2. Production, Area, and Yield 4 2. Identification 50 3. Tomato and Global Food Security 5 2.1 Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande 50 4. Pests of Tomato: Current Status, Challenges, 2.2 Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) 52 and Future Priorities 6 3. Biology 52 5. Climate Change 8 4. Distribution and Host Range 53 References 10 5. Seasonal Occurrence 54 6. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds 56 SECTION II 7. Management 57 Global Pests of Tomato 7.1 Cultural and Physical Control 57 7.2 Host-Plant Resistance 59 7.3 Biological Control 62 2. Aphids: Biology, Ecology, and 7.4 Chemical Control 62 Management 7.5 Integrated Pest Management 64 Thomas M. Perring, Donatella Battaglia, Linda L. 8. Economics of Management Strategies 64 Walling, Irene Toma and Paolo Fanti 9. Future Prospects 64 10. Summary 65 1. Introduction 15 References 65 2. Identification, Biology, Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence of Major 4. Whiteflies: Biology, Ecology, and Aphid Pests on Tomato 15 Management 3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses 18 Thomas M. Perring, Philip A. Stansly, T.X. Liu, 4. Management 20 Hugh A. Smith and Sharon A. Andreason 4.1 Monitoring and Sampling 21 1. Introduction 73 4.2 Cultural Control 22 2. Identification, Biology, Distribution, Host 4.3 Resistance of Tomato Plant to Aphids 24 Range, and Seasonal Occurrence of 4.4 Biological Control 28 Whitefly Pests on Tomato 73 vii viii Contents 2.1 Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 74 6. Management 120 2.2 Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) 76 6.1 Monitoring 120 3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses 78 6.2 Cultural Control 120 4. Management 78 6.3 Host-Plant Resistance 120 4.1 Monitoring and Sampling 79 6.4 Biological Control 121 4.2 Cultural Control 80 6.5 Chemical Control 122 4.3 Tomato Plant Resistance to 7. Economics of Management Whiteflies 83 Strategies 124 4.4 Biological Control 85 8. Future Prospects 124 4.5 Chemical Control 90 References 124 4.6 Insecticide Resistance 93 4.7 Management of Viruses Transmitted by 6. Lepidopterous Pests: Biology, Whiteflies 93 Ecology, and Management 4.8 Integrated Pest Management 95 5. Economics of Management Strategies 95 Alvin M. Simmons,