China’s Education Development and Policy, 1978–2008 Social Scientific Studies in Reform Era China VOLUME 9 BEIJING 2011 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ssrc China’s Education Development and Policy, 1978–2008 Edited by Zhang Xiulan LEIDEN • boSTON 2011 This book is the result of a co-publishing agreement between Social Sciences Academic Press and Koninklijke Brill NV. These articles were translated into English from the original 《中国教育发展与政策 30年 (1978–2008)》(Zhongguo jiaoyu fazhan yu zhengce, 1978–2008) with financial support from China Book International, supported by the General Administration of Press and Publication and Information Office of the State Council of China. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data China’s education development and policy, 1978–2008 / edited by Zhang Xiulan. p. cm. — (Social scientic studies in reform era China ; v. 9) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-18815-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Education and state—China— History—20th century. 2. Education and state—China—History—21st century. 3. Education—China—History—1976– I. Zhang, Xiulan. II. Title. III. Series. LC94.C5C4718 2011 379.51—dc23 2011022964 ISSN 1879-7539 ISBN 978-90-04-18815-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-21417-0 (e-book) Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. 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CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................. vii List of Tables .............................................................................. xi Preface ......................................................................................... xiii John Fitzgerald Acknowledgements ..................................................................... xv List of Contributors .................................................................... xvii Introduction Establishing a New Policy-Making Mechanism and Actualizing the Transformation of the Policy-Making Models: Reflections on How to Build a Modern People-Oriented National Education System ........................ 1 Zhang Xiulan, Hu Xiaojiang, and Qu Zhiyong Chapter One From Welfare to Socialization: A Review of Early Childhood Care and Educational Policies in China ... 61 Zhang Ying, Zhou Peiran, and Zhang Qiujie Chapter Two Policies on China’s Basic Education over the Last Thirty Years .................................................................... 111 Chai Chunqing and Cheng Gang Chapter Three Thirty Years of Special Education in China: Policy Construction of the Modern Special Education System ..................................................................................... 165 Zhao Xiaohong, Tang Min, and Chen Jiao Chapter Four Compulsory Education of Migrant Children: Problems and Policy Reaction, from the Angle of Equity .... 223 Qu Zhiyong and Wang Li Chapter Five An Overview of Studies in Vocational Education Policy in China over the Past Thirty Years ......... 255 He Zhen, Wang Qiu, Zhang Mei, and Cui Jian vi contents Chapter Six Chinese Higher Education during the Past Thirty Years: The Transformation of Public Policy ............. 317 Yang Dongping Chapter Seven A Review and Analysis of Ethnic Minority Education Policies in China over the Past Thirty Years ...... 373 Chen Lipeng, Liu Yanqing, Hao Xiaoming, Kong Wei, Ma Ming, and Su Yang Chapter Eight The Report of China’s Private Education Policy Development ................................................................ 425 Wu Hua and Wen Dai Index ........................................................................................... 477 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 0.1. The Popularization of Compulsory Education, 1978–2007 ................................................................................. 11 Fig. 0.2. Illiteracy Rates, 1964–2006 .......................................... 11 Fig. 0.3. Trends in the Gross Entrance Rates at Colleges and Universities, 1990–2006 ........................................................... 13 Fig. 0.4. Proportions of GDP and Fiscal Expenditure That are Spent on Education, 1990–2006 .............................................. 23 Fig. 0.5. International Comparisons of the Proportions of GDP That are Spent on Education, 2005 .............................. 23 Fig. 1.1. Kindergartens and Children Enrolled in Kindergartens, 1987–2006 ....................................................... 63 Fig. 1.2. Dorm Area per Kindergarten Student, 2001–2005 ..... 63 Fig. 1.3. The Number of Books per Kindergarten Child, 1998–2005 ................................................................................. 64 Fig. 1.4. The Number of Kindergarten Teachers, 1987–2005 ... 64 Fig. 1.5. Kindergarten Teacher-Children Ratio, 1987–2005 ..... 65 Fig. 1.6. Levels of Educational Attainment of Kindergarten Teachers, 1981–2002 ............................................................... 65 Fig. 1.7. The Number of Private Kindergartens and the Number of Children Enrolled in Private Kindergartens, 1994–2006 ................................................................................. 67 Fig. 1.8. The Ratio of Rural Kindergartens to the Total Kindergartens in China, 1994–2006 ....................................... 67 Fig. 1.9. The Number of Girls and Boys in Kindergarten, 1994–2005 ................................................................................. 68 Fig. 1.10. Kindergarten Enrollment Rates, Girls and Boys, 1997–2005 ................................................................................. 68 Fig. 1.11. Levels of Educational Attainment of Kindergarten Principals ................................................................................... 70 Fig. 1.12. Levels of Educational Attainment of Rural and Urban Kindergarten Teachers, 2006 ...................................... 70 Fig. 1.13. The Ratio of Private Kindergartens to the Total Number of Kindergartens, 2001–2006 .................................... 85 Fig. 1.14. Proportions of Government Expenditures on Different Types of Education, 2005 ......................................... 87 viii list of figures Fig. 1.15. Expenditure on Different Types of Education per Student in 2006 ...................................................................... 88 Fig. 1.16. Local Governments’ Spending on ECCE, 2005 ...... 90 Fig. 1.17. The Numbers of Public Kindergartens and Private Kindergartens, 2001–2006 ..................................................... 96 Fig. 1.18. Level of Educational Attainment of Kindergarten Teachers .................................................................................. 98 Fig. 2.1. The Development of Compulsory Education (1995–2005) ............................................................................. 114 Fig. 3.1. The Collaboration between Ordinary Education and Special Education ................................................................... 168 Fig. 3.2. Education Fund and Education Allocation within Budget Each Year ................................................................... 178 Fig. 3.3. Education Fund Expenditure and Education Fund Expenditure within Budget per Person for Special Education Schools .................................................................. 178 Fig. 3.4. Construction Area of Special Education School Buildings Each Year ............................................................... 179 Fig. 3.5. Expenditures for Purchasing Equipments of Special Schools each Year .................................................................. 179 Fig. 3.6. The Increase of the Numbers of Special Schools ...... 180 Fig. 3.7. The Situation of the Enrollment Rate, the Number of Enrolled Students, and Graduates of Disabled Children Each Year ............................................................................... 181 Fig. 3.8. The Quantity of Professional Teachers in Special Schools .................................................................................... 181 Fig. 3.9. The Distributions of Special Schools in Provinces and Municipalities in 2005 ..................................................... 183 Fig. 3.10. Comparison of the Number of Enrolled Students in Different Grades ................................................................. 185 Fig. 4.1. The Trend of Migrant Population in China .............. 224 Fig. 4.2. The Proportion of Migrant Children within the Migrant Population in Beijing ................................................ 225 Fig. 4.3. Geographic Migration Patterns of Migrant Children .................................................................................. 226 Fig. 4.4. Provinces with a High Number of Hukou of Children .................................................................................. 227 Fig. 4.5. The In-School Situation of Migrant Children, by Age ....................................................................................