NORTH PENNINES ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Part 1: Resource Assessment January 2019 Altogether Archaeology Research Framework. Part 1: Resource Assessment. January 2019. Altogether Archaeology Contents ALTOGETHER ARCHAEOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 4 COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 COVER IMAGE: ................................................................................................................................................... 4 PREFACE TO THIS VERSION OF THE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (JANUARY 2019) ................................................. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 7 THE PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF THE NORTH PENNINES RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 7 General introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7 The structure of the North Pennines Archaeological Research Framework ................................................. 7 Using and maintaining this Research Framework ...................................................................................... 9 THE NORTH PENNINES ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Moorland landscapes. ............................................................................................................................. 11 Moorland ridges ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 Moorland summits ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Moorland plateau.......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Dales landscapes. .................................................................................................................................... 12 Dale heads ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Middle dales .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Lower dales.................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Scarp landscapes and The Vale of Eden ................................................................................................... 13 Upland fringes ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Altogether Archaeology ........................................................................................................................... 14 MESOLITHIC (C.10,000 BC – C.4,000 BC) .......................................................................................................... 16 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 16 THE EARLY MESOLITHIC ..................................................................................................................................... 18 THE LATER MESOLITHIC ..................................................................................................................................... 19 The later Mesolithic in Weardale ............................................................................................................. 19 The later Mesolithic in Upper Teesdale .................................................................................................... 20 THE LATER MESOLITHIC IN OTHER PARTS OF THE NORTH PENNINES .............................................................................. 22 Allen Valleys .................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Upper Derwent Valley ................................................................................................................................................... 23 South Tynedale .............................................................................................................................................................. 23 Eden Valley and Fellside................................................................................................................................................ 23 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 NEOLITHIC (C.4000 BC – C.2400 BC) ................................................................................................................. 25 THE NEOLITHIC ................................................................................................................................................ 25 Lithics and settlement ............................................................................................................................. 25 Upper Teesdale ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Weardale ................................................................................................................................................ 26 Ceremonial monuments .......................................................................................................................... 28 Rock art ................................................................................................................................................... 30 The Tortie Stone ...................................................................................................................................... 31 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 CHALCOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE (C.2400 BC – C.1500 BC) .................................................................. 33 CHALCOLITHIC .................................................................................................................................................. 33 Kirkhaugh ................................................................................................................................................ 33 1 Altogether Archaeology Research Framework. Part 1: Resource Assessment. January 2019. Altogether Archaeology Dryburn ‘henge’....................................................................................................................................... 34 Early Bronze Age burials .......................................................................................................................... 34 Kirkcarrion and Upper Teesdale ............................................................................................................... 34 Crawley Edge ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Birkside Fell ............................................................................................................................................. 36 Kellah Burn .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Brackenber Moor..................................................................................................................................... 37 EARLY BRONZE AGE CAIRNS AND CAIRNFIELDS ......................................................................................................... 37 LATER BRONZE AGE AND IRON AGE (C.1500 BC – C.100AD) ............................................................................ 38 MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT AND FARMING C1500 – 800BC ............................................................................ 38 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Bracken Rigg and Upper Teesdale ........................................................................................................... 38 Crawley Edge and Weardale .................................................................................................................... 40 Ravock Moor and Stainmore ................................................................................................................... 40 Scordale