49th Parallel, Issue 37 (2015) David Silkenat ISSN: 1753-5894 From Fusionists to Moral Mondays: The Populist Tradition in North Carolina Politics DAVID SILKENAT – UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH The 2012 North Carolina elections brought into office a conservative Republican legislature and governor, who proceeded to pass a number of controversial measures, including significant cuts to education, restricting access to abortion, and repealing the Racial Justice Act. In response to these measures, during the summer of 2013, a coalition of liberal groups staged a series of protests outside and within the North Carolina Legislative Building called “Moral Mondays”. Led by North Carolina NAACP President Rev. William Barber II, the Moral Monday movement generated crowds numbering in the thousands, some 900 of whom were arrested for trespassing. This essay explores the ideological origins and predecessors of the Moral Monday movement. Although many of the participants see themselves as the inheritors of the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement (and to a lesser extent the Occupy movement), they also have much in common with the agrarian reform movement of the 1880s and 1890s that eventually became the Populist Party. By placing the Moral Monday movement within a “Long Populist Movement,” this essay seeks to understand the deep roots of liberal populism within North Carolina politics. The 2012 elections brought Republican control to both houses of the North Carolina legislature and the governor‟s mansion for the first time in over a century. With many of the new legislators identifying as Tea Party conservatives, the new Republican government wasted no time in enacting their conservative agenda. Although these actions were not dissimilar to legislation passed in other states with Republican controlled legislatures, like Mississippi or Texas, it was striking in North Carolina, a state known for its long tradition of political moderation compared to many of its Southern neighbors and a state that went for Barack Obama in 2008 and almost did so again in 2012. In response to these measures, during the summer of 2013, a coalition of liberal groups staged a series of protests outside and within the North Carolina Legislative Building called “Moral Mondays”. Led by North Carolina NAACP President Rev. William Barber II, the Moral Monday movement generated crowds numbering in the thousands, some 900 of whom were arrested for trespassing.1 This essay explores the ideological origins and predecessors of the Moral Monday movement. Although many of the participants see themselves as the inheritors of the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement (and to a lesser extent the Occupy movement), they also have much in common with the agrarian reform movement of the 1880s and 1890s that eventually became the Populist Party. By placing the Moral Monday movement within a “Long Populist Movement,” this 1 http://49thparalelljournal.org 49th Parallel, Issue 37 (2015) David Silkenat ISSN: 1753-5894 essay seeks to understand the deep roots of liberal populism within North Carolina politics. It argues that the coalition structure of the Moral Monday movement has much in common with the Fusion alliance of Populists and Republicans in the 1890s. Indeed, Rev. William Barber regularly evokes the history “fusion politics” in North Carolina as an antecedent for the Moral Monday movement. At the same time, however, the Moral Monday movement has suffered from none of the fissures over race that ultimately crippled the Fusionists. The Moral Monday movement protested the dramatic legislative program enacted by North Carolina‟s Republic legislature. During the six month legislative session, they made sweeping cuts in education spending, including ending tenure for public school teachers, stopping supplemental pay for advanced degrees, and eliminating thousands of teachers and teacher‟s assistants. They placed significant restrictions on women‟s access to abortion by requiring abortion clinics to upgrade to hospital level facilities, a measure that threatened to close almost all abortion clinics in the state. They significantly cut taxes on the rich, while at the same time cut access to unemployment benefits. They refused to participate in the Affordable Care Act or accept funding from the federal government to expand Medicaid. They repealed the Racial Justice Act, a 2009 measure designed to mitigate the disproportionate execution of African Americans. They enacted the most significant restrictions on voting rights since Jim Crow, what one historian has referred to as “the nation‟s most extensive effort at voter suppression” in recent history. Passed swiftly in the aftermath of the Supreme Court‟s decision in Shelby County v. Holder, which ruled key provisions of the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional, these restrictions effectively place barriers to voting for traditional Democratic constituencies, especially African Americans and students. The restrictions included eliminating same-day registration, reducing early voting, requiring specific government issued IDs to vote, removing straight ticket voting, expanding the ability of poll watchers to challenge voters‟ eligibility, and penalizing college students if they vote where they go to school rather than where their parents live. The Republican legislature also passed measures banning Sharia law and allowing handgun permit holders to take their weapons into all manner of public places, including restaurants, parks, playgrounds, and the parking lots of public schools. The links between the Moral Monday movement and the Civil Rights movement were evident to all the participants. The structure and methodology of the protests often consciously mirrored those of the 1960s. Protesters gathered hours beforehand, usually at a nearby black Baptist church to be instructed in non- violent protests and how to respond to the police and the media, before marching to the North Carolina Legislative Building. After a series of speeches and songs (including many drawn from the Civil Rights songbook, such as “We Shall Overcome,”) those protesters who had decided to allow themselves to be arrested 2 http://49thparalelljournal.org 49th Parallel, Issue 37 (2015) David Silkenat ISSN: 1753-5894 proceeded into the Legislative Building, where after a few more speeches, they were handcuffed by Capitol Police. Rev. Barber often evoked the memory of the Civil Rights struggle, with references to Martin Luther King a regular feature in his speeches. Some of the older protesters were veterans of the Civil Rights movement, including 83 year old Robert Plummer, a black Korean War veteran from Carthage, North Carolina, who was arrested with Dr. King at Pettis Bridge in 1963 and in Raleigh fifty years later, and 92 year old Rosanell Eaton, who also marched with Dr. King and was one of the first African Americans in North Carolina to register to vote during the Civil Rights Era and who has recently filed suit to put a hold on the recent restrictions on access to the ballot box.2 “It‟s really like the old days,” said one former member of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. “We‟ve been waiting for a renewal of the civil rights movement and this is it.”3 Republicans have largely ignored the Moral Mondays protests, except to mock them. Republican Senator Thom Goolsby referred to the protests as “Moron Monday.” He claimed that “The circus came to the State Capitol this week, complete with clowns, a carnival barker and a sideshow.” Goolsby described the protesters as “mostly white, angry, aged former hippies” who were engaging in “liberal theater.”4 Governor Pat McCrory argued that the protests were “outsiders” who were “coming in and they're going to try to do to us what they did to Scott Walker in Wisconsin.” Several other Republicans echoed McCrory‟s comment that the protesters were “outside agitators,” to use a loaded term from the Civil Rights era. Of those arrested during the protests, however, only two percent lived outside of North Carolina. 5 Indeed, at least one protester referred to the governor as “George Wallace McCrory,” in reference to the Alabama segregationist governor who blamed Civil Rights protests on “outsider agitators.”6 Governor McCrory also refused to meet with the protesters, claiming they were a drain on public resources. He did however deliver a plate of chocolate-chip cookies to the protesters, which was prompted returned uneaten, accompanied by a note which read “We want women‟s health care, not cookies.”7 One of the usual elements of the Moral Monday protests is how unusually historically reflective they are. Two of the most visible protesters were former presidents of the Organization of American Historians: Bill Chafe and Jacquelyn Dowd Hall. Teaching at rivals Duke University and the University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill respectively, Chafe and Hall have both built long and distinguished careers studying questions of race and class in the American South.8 In a joint editorial published in the Raleigh News & Observer, Chafe and Hall placed the Moral Monday movement within the context of the Civil Rights Movement, comparing the protests to the sit-in movements that began at a Greensboro Woolworth‟s in 1960. The praised the moderation of McCrory‟s predecessors of both parties dating back to the 1960s, claiming that “this political juggernaut runs totally contrary to what North Carolina has stood for during the last half century.” 3 http://49thparalelljournal.org 49th Parallel, Issue 37 (2015) David Silkenat ISSN: 1753-5894