8.a. Tergite 2 black, tergites 3 and 4 black lower twice as broad as the upper, tip of with variable red pattern (tergite 3 lingula rounded, paramere slender (fig- largely red to only a red median area), ure 552). Females: not distinguishable tergite 5 black. Males: lateral lobe of from next species. 6-7 mm. See 8.a. › aedeagus with 2 teeth, the lower twice Paragus (Paragus) albifrons Fallén as broad as the upper, margin of hypan- 10.b. Tergites 2-4: bands of silverish dust drium above ligula convex (figure 552). and hairs clearly present. Males: geni- Females: tergites 7 and 8, in side view, of talia: parameres small, lateral lobe with 2 equal length. 6-7 mm. Central and teeth of about equal size, tip of lingula Southern Europe, in Asia to Pacific coast truncated, paramere broad (figure 557). › Paragus (Paragus) albifrons Fallén Females: indistinguishable from previous Note: very much like P. pecchiolii, females scarcely species. 6-7 mm. Central and Southern distinguishable except for typical specimens with- Europe, Turkey › Paragus (Paragus) pec- out dust bands. chiolii Rondani (= Paragus majoranae 8.b. Tergite 2 partially red, tergites 3-5 Rondani) red, seldom tergite 5 black. Males: later- al lobe of aedeagus with 2 teeth of about equal size, margin of hypandrium above ligula concave (figure 553). Females: tergite 7, in side view, much smaller than tergite 8, lower margin of tergite 8 concave (figure 554). 5 mm. PARASYRPHUS Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, in Asia east to Tadjikistan › Paragus flammeus Goeldlin 9.a. Abdomen often entirely black, if red Introduction pattern occurs it does not reach the side margin. Males: genitalia: hypandrium Parasyrphus includes small to large flies, all without triangular tooth pointing of which have a black abdomen with yel- towards the parameres, epandrium low bands or spots. They can often be longer, about 1 3/4 as long as wide and found visiting flowers along the forest slightly longer than stylus. Females: face edge. The species that appear early in the in front view: black facial stripe broad, season (e.g. P. punctulatus) can be found on covering about 1/3 of the facial width Salix. Later, a variety of flowers is visited. and reaching the mouth edge; tergite 7 The larvae of most species prey on not thickened › 10 aphids. Larvae of P. nigritarsis are spe- 9.b. Abdomen with extensive red pattern, cialised on Chrysomelidae. They have reaching side margin at tergites 3 and 4, been reared on the eggs and larvae of the tergite 3 often entirely red. Males: geni- Chrysomelids Melasoma vigintipunctata talia: hypandrium upper border extend- and Melasoma aenea, and a limited number ed into a large triangular tooth pointing of other Chrysomelid species. to the parameres, epandrium swollen, about 1 1/4 as long as wide and twice as long as the stylus (figure 555). Females: Recognition face in front view: black facial stripe small, covering at most 1/5 of facial Most Parasyrphus-species are remniscent width, often not reaching mouth edge; of small Syrphus- or Dasysyrphus-species. tergite 7 with a transverse swelling (fig- Parasyrphus vittiger is a small copy of ure 556). 7 mm. Central and Southern Syrphus vitripennis in the field, but has a Europe, in Asia to Mongolia, Nearctic › black facial stripe. The notable exception Paragus (Paragus) bicolor Fabricius is Parasyrphus nigritarsus, which is as large as Syrphus- and Epistrophe-species and has 10.a. Tergites 2-4: bands only of silverish a yellow face. The female has straight hairs, dust faint (or even absent, see bands on the tergites, similar to Epistrophe above). Males: genitalia: parameres grossulariae (but the latter has black anten- broad, lateral lobe with 2 teeth, the nae). 159 The key follows that of Theo Zeegers in 4.a. Tergites 2-4: spots not reduced, form- the ‘determinatiemap’*, Speight (1991), ing yellow commas. 8-10 mm. and Vockeroth (1992). P. kirgizorum and P. Northern Europe. › Parasyrphus proximus have been added provisionally dryadis Holmgren from the key of Mutin, kindly translated Note: status unclear, added provisionally from Van by Theo Zeegers. der Goot (1981). 4.b. Tergites 2-4: spots reduced to orange, often circular spots, with may be absent Key on 1 or more tergites. 7-8 mm. Nearctic species, occurs in Northern 1.a. Tergites 3 and 4 with spots, which Scandinavia. 8-10 mm. Northern may nearly join on tergite 4 › 2 Europe, Nearctic › Parasyrphus groen- 1.b. Tergites 3 and 4 with bands, rarely the landicus Nielsen bands on tergite 3 interrupted, but then leg 3 with much yellow › 7 5.a. Antennae: 3rd segment black. Males: eyes: angle of approximation about 90°; 2.a. Face without black facial stripe, at sternites 2-4: entirely yellow, at most most facial knob darkened; eyes: always with narrow, dark transverse bands. 7-10 with long dense hairs; boreal species › 3 mm. Siberian boreal species › Note: females cannot always be separated in this Parasyrphus kirgizorum Peck group. 5.b. Antennae: 3rd segment partly pale. 2.b. Face with a black facial stripe, at least Males: eyes: angle of approximation running from facial knob to mouth about 90-100°; sternites 2-4: yellow edge (figure 558); eyes: bare or sparsely with triangular dark spots. 7-8 mm. haired, with the exception of P. macularis Northern Europe, Siberia, Nearctic › › 6 Parasyrphus tarsatus Zetterstedt 6.a. Pterostigma light grey, in the field almost invisible; arista short, shorter than antennae, thickened over its basal 1/2 and red; eyes with short sparse hairs; abdomen: figure 559, figure 560. 6-8 mm. Northern and Central Europe, in Asia to Japan. › Parasyrphus punctulatusVerrall 6.b. Pterostigma dark grey to black, not transparent; arista long, at least as long as the antennae, thickened over the basal black stripe 1/3 and black with at most the thick- ened part red; eyes with long dense hairs; abdomen: figure 561, figure 562. 8-10 mm. Northern parts of North America and Europe. 8-10 mm. Northern and Central Europe (moun- figure 558. Parasyrphus punctulatus, head of tains), Nearctic › Parasyrphus macularis female (Verlinden). Zetterstedt 3.a. Width of face in front view, at the 7.a. Antennae black › 8 height of the antennae, about 2/3 the 7.b. Antennae: 3rd segment pale below › 9 width of the head. Males: frons swollen; eyes: angle of approximation 135° or 8.a. Leg 3 black with at most knee yellow, more › 4 apex of tibia 3 black; pterostigma dark 3.b. Width of face in front view, at the grey; tars 1: all segments black; habitus fig- height of the antennae, about 1/2 the ure 563. 8-10 mm. Northern and Central width of the head. Males: frons not Europe, in Asia to Pacific coast, Nearctic swollen; eyes: angle of approximation › Parasyrphus lineolus Zetterstedt 100° or less › 5 Jizz: small and slender copy of a Syrphus, but with black facial stripe. 160.