Practical Guide for Environmental Monitoring of Conventional Munitions in the Seas Results from the BMBF funded project UDEMM “Umweltmonitoring für die Delaboration von Munition im Meer” Version 1.1 GEOMAR REPORT Berichte aus dem GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Nr. 54 (N. Ser.) December 2019 Practical Guide for Environmental Monitoring of Conventional Munitions in the Seas Results from the BMBF funded project UDEMM “Umweltmonitoring für die Delaboration von Munition im Meer” Version 1.1 Berichte aus dem GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Nr. 54 (N. Ser.) December 2019 Das GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel The GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel ist Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft is a member of the Helmholtz Association of Deutscher Forschungszentren e.V. German Research Centres Herausgeber / Editor: Jens Greinert GEOMAR Report ISSN Nr.. 2193-8113, DOI 10.3289/GEOMAR_REP_NS_54_2019 Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel / Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel GEOMAR Dienstgebäude Westufer / West Shore Building Düsternbrooker Weg 20 D-24105 Kiel Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel / Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel GEOMAR Dienstgebäude Ostufer / East Shore Building Wischhofstr. 1-3 D-24148 Kiel Germany Tel.: +49 431 600-0 Fax: +49 431 600-2805 www.geomar.de Practical Guide for Environmental Monitoring of Conventional Munitions in the Seas Results from the BMBF funded project UDEMM “Umweltmonitoring für die Delaboration von Munition im Meer“ Version 1.1 Version / Date Contribution Contributor 26 April 2019 First outline draft UDEMM partners; GEOMAR, CAU, IOW UDEMM partners; GEOMAR, CAU, IOW, 5 September 2019 First distributed draft V1.1 BLANO, EGEOS 16 September 2019 Added: Biota analyses in section 2.3 GEOMAR 5 November 2019 Added knowledge gaps chapter GEOMAR 5 December 2019 Final editing for Version 1.1 GEOMAR Editor: Jens Greinert - GEOMAR With contributions from: Daniel Appel, Aaron Beck, Anja Eggert, Ulf Gräwe, Mareike Kampmeier, Hans-Jörg Martin, Edmund Maser, Christian Schlosser, Yifan Song, Jennifer Strehse, Eefke van der Lee, Rahel Vortmeyer-Kley, Uwe Wichert, Torsten Frey Financial support was given by: BMBF project UDEMM (grants 03F0747A, B, C); at GEOMAR additionally through in-house funds; at CAU additionally through MATEP as part of the Cluster of Excellence ‘Future Ocean’; WT.SH funding 123 16 006-UKSH and support from MELUND. UDEMM Practical Guide for Environmental Monitoring of Conventional Munition in the Seas V1.1 December 2019 Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Conventional munitions in the sea: Threats and problems ...................................................................... 4 1.1 What are the threats? ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 What are the methodological tasks and problems? ........................................................................... 7 1.3 Further information and related regulations .................................................................................... 12 2. Case study Kolberger Heide and western German Baltic Sea ................................................................. 15 2.1 History of the study area Kolberger Heide ....................................................................................... 16 2.2 Hydro-acoustic and visual mapping results ...................................................................................... 18 2.3 Munitions compounds in water, sediment and biota ...................................................................... 20 2.4 Bio-Monitoring .................................................................................................................................. 32 2.5 Oceanographic field measurements ................................................................................................. 38 2.6 Coupled TNT-GETM model................................................................................................................ 40 2.7 Conclusion, knowledge gaps and recommendations ....................................................................... 46 2.7.1 In Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 46 2.7.2 Knowledge gaps ......................................................................................................................... 47 2.7.3 Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 49 3. Practical guidence for sampling and monitoring .................................................................................... 51 3.1 Scientifically “best” monitoring ........................................................................................................ 51 3.2 Baseline Study ................................................................................................................................... 52 3.3 Long-term monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 56 3.4 Monitoring during clearance activities ............................................................................................. 60 4. Methodologies ........................................................................................................................................ 62 4.0 Historical Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 62 4.1 Acoustic mapping and monitoring .................................................................................................... 63 4.2 Visual observations and mapping ..................................................................................................... 68 4.3 Field sampling of sediment and biota ............................................................................................... 72 4.4 Habitat mapping ............................................................................................................................... 72 4.5 Oceanographic monitoring ............................................................................................................... 73 4.6 Modelling of currents, TNT distribution including its bio-degradation ............................................ 74 4.7 Water sampling ................................................................................................................................. 77 4.8 Bio-Monitoring with mussels ............................................................................................................ 79 4.9 Chemical analyses of water, sediment and organic matter.............................................................. 81 4.9.1 Sample preparation ................................................................................................................... 81 4.9.2 Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 82 5. Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 84 5.1 Analysis of nitroaromatic compounds in mussel tissue (blue mussels) ............................................ 84 1 UDEMM Practical Guide for Environmental Monitoring of Conventional Munition in the Seas V1.1 December 2019 Preface This “Practical Guide for Environmental Monitoring of Conventional Munitions in the Sea” has been developed as part of the joint scientific project UDEMM (March 2016 - June 2019) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany with partners from GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), the Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel (CAU) and the Baltic Sea Research Institute in Warnemünde (IOW). Four research groups combined their expertise to test and develop new methodologies, develop a monitoring strategy and investigate the current environmental state of a munitions dumping ground. The detailed objectives were to: • better understand the current state of munitions contamination in the munitions dumping ground at Kolberger Heide • apply or newly develop state-of-the-art monitoring technologies for: a) highly detailed mapping of munitions on the seafloor with hydroacoustic and optical means b) the chemical analyses of munitions contaminants in water and sediments c) the uptake of munitions contaminants into organisms and the establishment of toxic thresholds • setup and advance an existing oceanographic model of the Baltic Sea to extrapolate the distribution of munitions contamination • verify the validity of assumptions and modelling during sampling campaigns in Kiel Bay and the entire German Baltic Sea Four research groups worked on these objectives. The group of Prof. Greinert (GEOMAR) applied multibeam mapping technologies, visual investigations by towed camera, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) and divers as well as sediment sampling to map and classify munition and the specific habitat within the different study areas. These maps served as base information to guide water sampling and in-situ experiments for TNT