Digital Humanities in Biblical, Early Jewish and Early Christian Studies Scholarly Communication Series Editors Adriaan van der Weel, Leiden University, Netherlands Ernst Thoutenhoofd, University of Groningen, Netherlands Ray Siemens, University of Victoria, Canada Editorial Board Marco Beretta, University of Bologna, Italy Amy Friedlander, Washington, DC USA Steve Fuller, University of Warwick, UK Chuck Henry, Council on Library and Information Resources, USA Willard McCarty, King’s College London, UK / University of Western Sydney, Australia Mariya Mitova, Leiden, The Netherlands Patrik Svensson, Umeå University, Sweden Melissa Terras, University College London, UΚ John Willinsky, Stanford University, USA Paul Wouters, Leiden University, The Netherlands VOLUME 2 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sc Digital Humanities in Biblical, Early Jewish and Early Christian Studies Edited by Claire Clivaz Andrew Gregory David Hamidović In collaboration with Sara Schulthess LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover illustration: Matt Katzenberger, http://katzmatt.com This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1879-9027 ISBN 978-90-04-26432-8 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26443-4 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Contributors ........................................................................................ vii List of Abstracts ............................................................................................... ix Preface ................................................................................................................ xvii Claire Clivaz, Andrew Gregory and David Hamidović Introduction: Digital Humanities in Biblical, Early Jewish and Early Christian Studies ............................................................................. 1 Claire Clivaz PART ONE DIGITIZED MANUSCRIPTS The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. The Digitization Project of the Dead Sea Scrolls ............................. 11 Pnina Shor Dead Sea Scrolls inside Digital Humanities. A Sample ....................... 21 David Hamidović The Electronic Scriptorium: Markup for New Testament Manuscripts ................................................................................................. 31 H.A.G. Houghton Digital Arabic Gospels Corpus .................................................................... 61 Elie Dannaoui The Role of the Internet in New Testament Textual Criticism: The Example of the Arabic Manuscripts of the New Testament ........................................................................................... 71 Sara Schulthess The Falasha Memories Project. Digitalization of the Manuscript BNF Ethiopien d’Abbadie 107 ................................................................... 83 Charlotte Touati vi contents PART TWO DIGITAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND PUBLISHING The Seventy and Their 21st-Century Heirs. The Prospects for Digital Septuagint Research .................................................................... 95 Juan Garcés Digital Approaches to the Study of Ancient Monotheism ................. 145 Ory Amitay Internet Networks and Academic Research: The Example of New Testament Textual Criticism ........................................................ 155 Claire Clivaz New Ways of Searching with Biblindex, the Online Index of Biblical Quotations in Early Christian Literature ............................ 177 Laurence Mellerin Aspects of Polysemy in Biblical Greek. A Preliminary Study for a New Lexicographical Resource .............................................................. 191 Romina Vergari Publishing Digitally at the University Press? A Reader’s Perspective ............................................................................. 231 Andrew Gregory Does Biblical Studies Deserve to be an Open Source Discipline? ... 261 Russell Hobson Author Index .................................................................................................... 271 Subject Index .................................................................................................... 274 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ory Amitay is Lecturer in the Department of General History of the University of Haifa (Israel). He is author of From Alexander to Jesus (Uni- versity of California Press, 2010). Claire Clivaz is assistant Professor in New Testament and Early Christian Literature, at the Faculté de théologie et sciences des religions at the Uni- versity of Lausanne (Switzerland). Her other publications include notably L’ange et la sueur de sang (Lc 22,43–44) (Peeters, 2010), and, as editor and contributor, the ebook Reading Tomorrow. From Ancient Manuscripts to Digital Era (PPUR, 2012). Elie Dannaoui is Director of the Digital Humanities Centre at the Institute of History, Archaeology and Near Eastern Studies, University of Balamand (Lebanon). Juan Garcés is Academic Coordinator of the Göttingen Centre for Digital Humanities, at the Georg-August-Universität of Göttingen (Germany). He is co-author of ‘Open Source Critical Editions: a Rationale’ (in Text Editing, Print, and the Digital World, ed. by Marilyn Deegan and Kathryn Suther- land, Ashgate Press, 2009). Andrew Gregory is Chaplain and Fellow of University College, Oxford and a member of the Faculty of Theology and Religion in the University of Oxford (United Kingdom). His other publications include The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period before Irenaeus (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) and, as editor and contributor, New Studies in the Synoptic Problem (Peeters Press, 2011). David Hamidović is ordinary Professor in Jewish Apocryphal Literature and History of Judaism in Antiquity at the Faculté de théologie et sciences des religions at the University of Lausanne (Switzerland). He is author of Les traditions du jubilé à Qumran, Orients sémitiques (Geuthner, 2007) and editor of Aux origines des messianismes juifs, VTS 158 (Brill, 2013). viii list of contributors Russell Hobson is Honorary Associate in the Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies, at the University of Sydney (Australia). He is author of Transforming Literature into Scripture: Texts as Cult Objects at Nineveh and Qumran (Acumen Publishing, 2012). H.A.G. Houghton is a Senior Research Fellow in the Institute for Tex- tual Scholarship and Electronic Editing at the University of Birmingham (United Kingdom). His publications include Augustine’s Text of John. Patristic Citations and Latin Gospel Manuscripts (OUP, 2008) and the criti- cal edition of the Vetus Latina Iohannes. Laurence Mellerin is Researcher of the Centre National de la Recher- che Scientifique (CNRS) at the Institut des Sources chrétiennes in Lyon (France). She is editor (with Hugh Houghton) of Biblical Quotations in Patristic Texts, Studia Patristica LIV, vol. 2 (Papers presented at the Six- teenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2011, M. Vinzent ed., 2013), including ‘Methodological Issues in Biblindex, An Online Index of Biblical Quotations in Early Christian Literature’, 11–32. Sara Schulthess is a Swiss National Fund PhD student at the Institute for the Study of Antiquity and the Institut Romand des Sciences Bibliques at the University of Lausanne (Switzerland). She is author of ‘Die arabi schen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments in der zeitgenössischen For schung: ein Überblick’, Early Christianity 3 (2012/4), 518–539. Pnina Shor is Curator and Head of Dead Sea Scrolls Projects, Israel Anti- quities Authority (Israel). Charlotte Touati is a Swiss National Fund Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Universities of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) and Hamburg (Germany). She is author of ‘The Apocalypse of the seven Heavens: from Egypt to Ireland’, in The End and Beyond: Medieval Irish Eschatology, ed. by J. Carey et al. (Oxbow Books, 2013) and co-editor of Nouvelles intrigues pseudo- clémentines. Actes du deuxième colloque international sur la littérature apocryphe chrétienne 2006 (PIRSB 6) (Zèbre, 2008). Romina Vergari is a Post-doctoral Fellow at the Faculty of Protestant The- ology of the University of Strasbourg (France). She is currently working on a monograph entitled Semantic Phenomena of Septuagint Greek. From Inherent to Selectional Polysemy. LIST OF ABSTRACTS The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. The Digitization Project of the Dead Sea Scrolls By Pnina Shor The digitization project of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) was initiated as part of the Israel Antiquities Authority’s (IAA) conservation efforts to preserve them for future generations. From the time of their discovery by a Bedouin shepherd in 1947, until