The Community Wellbeing Framework: An Exercise in Reconciliation-Informed Planning by Jeff Lemon B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2013 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Resource Management in the School of Resource and Environmental Management Faculty of Environment © Jeff Lemon 2020 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2020 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Jeff Lemon Degree: Master of Resource Management (Planning) Title: The Community Wellbeing Framework: An Exercise in Reconciliation-Informed Planning Examining Committee: Chair: Jonathan Boron Doctor of Resource Management (Candidate) _____________________ Mark Roseland Senior Supervisor Professor _____________________ Sean Markey Supervisor Professor Date Defended/Approved: January 6, 2020. ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Across Canada, a discourse of reconciliation has emerged and is strengthening. Reconciliation is based upon establishing relationships with Canada’s Indigenous populations that are built and maintained on trust, inclusion and respect. These relationships must also be premised upon the recognition of their rights for self- determination and the significance that land holds for Indigenous culture and values. Although Canada’s relationship with its Indigenous population has been underpinned by its colonial praxis, reconciliation calls upon all Canadians to acknowledge this legacy and work towards ending these entrenched, outdated and oppressive ways of thinking. Decolonial thought and postcolonial literature provide an avenue towards actualizing reconciliation, as contemporary Indigenous-rights discourses look to address questions of self-determination, sovereignty, and the recognition of land rights and title. In January of 2019, the Canadian Institute of Planners (CIP) joined the national movement towards reconciliation when they adopted the Policy on Planning Practice and Reconciliation. The goal of the policy is to present a vision of the future of planning in Canada by harmonizing key action areas with the TRC’s Calls to Action, the 10 Principles of Reconciliation, and UNDRIP. As practitioners that connect people, land and governance, planners have a responsibility to honour Indigenous ways of planning by critically examining the status quo and looking for ways to incorporate Indigenous practices into daily practice. While CIP’s new policy has succeeded in identifying what reconciliation means to the organization and the important role planners need to play to bring about these achievements, they have not addressed what reconciliation might look like to on-the- ground practitioners on an everyday basis. The following project attempts to consolidate and operationalize the growing volume of literature on the topic through the development of a reconciliation-informed planning framework. Keywords: Community Development, Decolonization, Indigenous Planning, Reconciliation, Resurgence, Transformative Reconciliation iv Dedication To my loving parents, for always pushing me to be better version of myself and to follow my passions even if they sometimes didn’t understand them. Forever, thank you. To my friends and colleagues, whose insights I have come to appreciate and rely on over the course of this project. And to Mary, whose light has given me the strength to persevere and push through this final hurdle. v Acknowledgements I am forever grateful to my senior supervisor, Dr. Mark Roseland, for his patience and support throughout my time in the REM program. I can’t thank you enough for believing in me and making this academic journey possible. Your guidance will always be appreciated and welcomed. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Sean Markey, for accepting a supervisory role on this project. Thank you for your encouragement and for generously offering your insight when I needed direction. I gratefully acknowledge the Nanwakolas Council and MITACS for funding the initial stages of this research. I’d also like to give a special thank you to Chris Roberts. Chris, it was a pleasure of working with you over the first two phases of this project. I really appreciated you taking the time to help me understand the many nuances of working with First Nations Communities. The lessons you taught me, coupled with my experiences working with the Nanwakolas, were instrumental in my understanding of reconciliation and became the foundation of the reconciliation-informed planning framework (RIPF). I am also grateful to the Canadian Institute of Planners for awarding me the 2016 Wayne Daniel Smith Scholarship for this research. To be awarded such a prestigious scholarship by one’s peers is humbling and I will try to continue to exemplify what it means to be a “planner” – the ability to connect with communities and professionals alike, to cultivate meaningful and lasting change – as I move forward in my professional life. Lastly, I’d like to thank my REM cohort. You are all incredibly brilliant and I feel fortunate to have been able to get to know you all. I’d now like to make specific mention of few colleagues who were influential during the research and development of this report. First, I’d like to thank the ‘A-Team’, Elizabeth Mosier and Jake Bastedo, for making the research trips to Campbell River fun and memorable. I can’t image exploring the BC and the potentials of land-based aquaculture with anyone else. I’d also like to thank Jon Boron, Michelle Vandermoor and Gretchen Ferguson for their comments and suggestions during the development of the RIPF. I have come to rely on each of you over the last few years and I truly appreciate your friendship and support. vi Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Ethics Statement ................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Significance of Research .......................................................................................... 3 Statement of Purpose ........................................................................................ 3 Location within the Literature .......................................................................... 3 Reconciliation in Canada .................................................................................. 4 Project Report ........................................................................................................... 7 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 8 Report Structure ................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 2. Literature Review .................................................................................. 10 Reconciliation Literature ........................................................................................ 10 Reconciliation in Practice ............................................................................... 13 Indigenous Literature .............................................................................................. 15 Historical Background .................................................................................... 15 Sustainability Literature .......................................................................................... 36 Sustainable Development ............................................................................... 36 Community Development Frameworks .......................................................... 38 Table of Criteria Derived from Literature Review ................................................. 47 Chapter 3. Area Description .................................................................................... 49 Community Area – The Na̲ nwak̲ olas Council ........................................................ 49 Chapter 4. Research Methods ................................................................................. 50 Phase I – Rethinking Seafood Production: Developing Sustainable Communities with Land-Raised Fish ...................................................................................................... 50 Methodological Approach: Dialogal Approach & Grounded Theory Triangulation ................................................................................................................