SCHAUM'S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES 2000 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS by Peter E. LUey, Ph.D. Purdue Üniversity McGRAW-HIIX PUBLISHING COMPANY New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Oklahoma City Paris San Juan Säo Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto CONTENTS Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS Pressure / Volume / Temperature / Mass / Mass Flow Rate / Capacity / Velocity / Acceleration of Gravity / Work and Energy Chapter 2 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS. IDEAL GASES Ideal Gas Processes / Real Fluid Processes / One- and Two-Phase Processes / Tabular Data Acquisition / Quality / Compressibility Factor / Cntical Point / Specific Heat at Constant Pressure / Enthalpy of Vaporization / Enthalpy of Fusion / Enthalpy of Sublimation / Entropy Change / Gas Constant (Pure Substances) / Gas Constant (Mixtures) / Steam Table Usage / Ideal Gas Equation / Tds Equations / Miscellaneous Chapter 3 FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS 64 First Law of Thermodynamics / ßoundary Work / Paddle-Wheel Work / Spring Work / Electrical Work / Joule's Law / Mixing / Heat and Work Reservoirs / Incompressible Materials / Second Law of Thermodynamics / Entropy Principle / Heat Conduction / Miscellaneous 98 Chapter 4 REAL FLUIDS . (11- H Generalized Compressibility Factor Charts / Critical Point / The Maxwell Relations / Ciausius-Clapeyron Equation / Joule-Thompson Coefficient / Derived Latent-Heat Equations / Generalized Thermodynamic Relations / Vina! Expansion / Phase Transitions / Miscellaneous Chapter 5 STEADY AND TRANSIENT FLOWS 138 Continuity Equation / Energy Equation for Steady Flow / Subsonic Nozzle Flow / Throttling Calorimeter / Separating and Throttling Calorimeter / Incompressible Fluids / Subsonic Diffusers / Turbines / Compressors / Heat Exchangers; Fluid Mixing / Joint Mass and Energy Conservation / Entropy Generation / Transient Flow / Miscellaneous and Shorter Problems Chapter 6 THE CARNOT CYCLE 172 Air Carnot Cycle / Carnot Heat Pump / Carnot Refrigerator / R12 Carnot Refrigerator / R12 Carnot Heat Pump / R12 Carnot Heat Engine / Water Substance Carnot Refrigerator / Water Substance Carnot Heat Pump / Water Substance Carnot Heat Engine / Stacked Carnot Refrigerators / Stacked Carnot Heat Pumps / Stacked Carnot Heat Engines / Carnot Heat Engine Dnving a Carnot Refrigerator / Clausius Inequality 191 Chapter 7 GAS CYCLES The iPa Cycle / The iVa Cycle / Lenoir Cycle; Further lPa and iVa Cycles / Otto Cycle / Diesel Cycle / Sabatier-Trinkler, or Dual, Cycle / Atkinson Cycle / A-L-A-L Cycle / Miscellaneous Cycles / Open Systems: Brayton and Stirling Cycles 234 Chapter 8 VAPOR CYCLES 252 Chapter 9 PSYCHROMETRY Basic Notions / Simple Heating or Cooling / Heating and Humidincation / Evaporative Cooling / Cooling Towers / Dehumidification with Reheating / Heating or Cooling / Adiabatic Mixing / Work Interactions (Fanning) / Air Conditioning / Respiration iv 0 CONTENTS Chapter 10 REFRIGERATION 276 Carnot Refrigerator / Brayton Refrigerator / Vapor Refrigeration Cycle / Air Liquefaction / Stacked Cycles Chapter 11 COMBUSTION: FIRST LAW AND EQUATION BALANCING 290 Combustion Equations / Orsat Analysis / Enthalpy of Formation / First-Law Considerations / Higher and Lower Heating Values Chapter 12 THE SECOND LAW APPLIED TO COMBUSTION 310 Basic Concepts / Dissociation of a Single Substance / Heat Effects of Dissociation / Miscellaneous Topics Chapter 13 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 322 Statistical Thermodynamics / Transport Properties / Gaseous Thermal Conductivity / Liquid Thermal Conductivity / Gaseous Viscosity / Liquid Viscosity / Various / Closed-System Availability / Open-System Availability Chapter 14 SUPPLEMENTAL AND REVISORY PROBLEMS 336 Chapter 1 / Chapter 2 / Chapter 3 / Chapter 4 / Chapter 5 / Chapter 6 / Chapter 7 / Chapter 8 / Chapter 9 / Chapter 10 / Chapter 11 / Chapter 12 / Chapter 13 / Miscellaneous Appendix A Properties of Water Substance 369 Appendix B Properties of Superheated Air at Atmospheric Pressure 381 Appendix C Properties of Refrigerant 12 384 Appendix D Molecular Weights and Critical Parameters of 25 Common Fluids 391 Appendix E Compressibility Factor Charts 392 Appendix F Psychrometric Tables and Charts 395 Appendix G Thermochemical Tables 400 Appendix H Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant for Several Gaseous Dissociations 405 .