Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54 Pagina 101 Sonia Livingstone, John Carr and Jasmina Byrne January 2016 One inThree: Internet Governance and Children’s Rights Office of Research – Innocenti Discussion Paper 2016-01 Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54 Pagina 1 OFFICE OF RESEARCH - INNOCENTI DISCUSSION PAPERS Discussion Papers are signed pieces by experts and researchers on current topics in social and economic policy and the realization of children’s rights.The aim is to encourage reflection and stimulate wide-ranging discussion. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The text has not been edited to official publications standards and UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. Extracts from this publication may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at [email protected]. This is a peer reviewed series. For readers wishing to cite this document we suggest the following form: Livingstone, S., Carr, J. and Byrne, J. (2016). One inThree: Internet Governance and Children’s Rights. Innocenti Discussion Paper No.2016-01, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. This paper was originally published in November 2015 by the Centre for International Governance Innovation and Chatham House as Paper No. 22 in the Global Commission on Internet Governance Paper Series. © 2016 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) unicef 1 Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54 Pagina 2 THE UNICEF OFFICE OF RESEARCH – INNOCENTI In 1988 the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) established a research centre to support its advocacy for children worldwide and to identify and research current and future areas of UNICEF’s work.The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. The Office aims to set out a comprehensive framework for research and knowledge within the organization, in support of its global programmes and policies.Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. Publications produced by the Office are contributions to a global debate on children and child rights issues and include a wide range of opinions. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. The Office collaborates with its host institution in Florence, the Istituto degli Innocenti, in selected areas of work. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. Extracts from this publication may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. Requests to translate the publication in its entirety should be addressed to: Communications Unit, [email protected]. For further information and to download or order this and other publications, please visit the website at www.u nicef-irc.org . Correspondence should be addressed to: UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti Piazza SS. Annunziata, 12 50122 Florence, Italy Tel: (+39) 055 20 330 Fax: (+39) 055 2033 220 [email protected] www.unicef-irc.org @UNICEFInnocenti facebook.com/UnicefOfficeofResearchInnocenti unicef 2 Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54 Pagina 3 ONE INTHREE: INTERNET GOVERNANCE AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS Sonia Livingstone, John Carr and Jasmina Byrne Sonia Livingstone is a full professor in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She has advised the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Parliament, the InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU), Council of Europe, the European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online (eNACSO) and others on children’s Internet safety. She is research director of the 33-country network, EU Kids Online, funded by the European Commission’s Better Internet for Kids Programme (www.eukidsonline.net), and is executive board member and evidence champion for the UK’s Council for Child Internet Safety (UKCCIS). John Carr is a leading authority on children and young people’s use of the Internet and associated new technologies. He has been a senior expert adviser to the ITU and an expert adviser to the European Union. John is also a former member of Microsoft’s Policy Advisory Board for Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Since it was founded in 1999, John has been Secretary of the UK Children’s Charities’ Coalition on Internet Safety, comprising all the major professional child welfare organizations in Great Britain. He is an executive board member of the European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online and an adviser to global NGO ECPAT International. Jasmina Byrne is a senior researcher at the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Florence, Italy. She leads the Office of Research’s work on children and the Internet and has overseen and contributed to several UNICEF studies related to child safety online, cyberbullying and child rights on the Internet (see www.unicef-irc.org). In addition, she is responsible for developing and leading UNICEF’s global research agenda on family and parenting support. She has international experience in managing complex child rights and protection programmes, including research, policy development , programme design and evaluation in South East Asia, Europe and Southern Africa with UNICEF, Save the Children, the International Committee of the Red Cross and UN Women. The Global Commission on Internet Governance was established in January 2014, to articulate and advance a strategic vision for the future of Internet governance. With work commencing in May 2014, the two-year project will conduct and support independent research on Internet-related dimensions of global public policy, culminating in an official commission report. Key issues to be addressed by the commission include governance legitimacy and regulation, innovation, online rights and systemic risk. Launched by two independent global think tanks, the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House, the Global Commission on Internet Governance will help educate the wider public on the most effective ways to promote Internet access, while simultaneously championing the principles of freedom of expression and the free flow of ideas over the Internet. unicef 3 Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54 Pagina 4 One in Three: Internet Governance and Children’s Rights ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge insights, suggestions and contributions from Alexandre Barbosa, Monica Bulger, Patrick Burton, Richard Collins, Heather Dawson, Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay, Divina Frau-Meigs, Lee Hibbard, Goran Holmqvist, Eva Kaplan, Olga Khazova, Katell Le Goulven, Esperanza Magpantay, Kirsten Sandberg, Tamara Shepard, Elisabeth Staksrud and AmandaThird. Thanks to Alexandra Chernyavskaya for research assistance in the preparation of this paper. Last, the authors have been guided by the insights of the international experts consulted during the preparation of this paper, as well as by the helpful comments of an anonymous reviewer. unicef 4 Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54 Pagina 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction and Aims ............................................................................................................... 9 Children’s Rights Are largely Absent from Internet Governance ......................................... 12 One in three: Children Are a Rising Proportion of all Internet Users .................................. 15 Children’s Rights - Legal and Normative Dimensions .......................................................... 18 Children’s Rights Extend Online As Well As Offline .............................................................. 21 Responsability for Ensuring Children’s Rights: Who Are the Stakeholders? ...................... 24 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 26 References ................................................................................................................................ 30 unicef 5 Internet Governance and Children’s Rights:Layout 1 29-01-2016 15:54