INTEGRATION OF RECYCLED INDUSTRIAL WASTES INTO PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE By ASHISH TRIPATHY ASUTOSH A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT (MRP) PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES WITH A CONCENTRATION IN SUSTAINABLE DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 ASHISH TRIPATHY ASUTOSH To MOM & DAD TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 10 Sustainability and its need in transportation ........................................................... 11 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 15 Pavement and it’s types ......................................................................................... 15 Sustainability concepts and material considerations ............................................. 17 Transportation engineering .............................................................................. 17 Durable and sustainable road construction ............................................................. 18 Pavement design faults and possible solutions ................................................ 18 Recycled asphalt pavement ............................................................................ 18 Use of treated PVC........................................................................................... 19 Industrial waste as virgin material ........................................................................... 20 Fly ash .............................................................................................................. 21 Impact of applying ash in preliminary road design ............................................ 21 Scrap tires ........................................................................................................ 22 WSDOT results on use of recycling of scrap tires ............................................ 23 Potential use of glass ....................................................................................... 24 Strength characteristics of glass in pavement design ....................................... 25 World pollution by plastics ................................................................................ 26 Plastics & Bitumen ........................................................................................... 28 Advantage of bitumen plastic mixtures in road construction ............................ 29 Engineered Cementitious Composition .................................................................. 31 Cement ............................................................................................................ 31 Use of ECC ..................................................................................................... 32 Sustainable rating systems for roadway ................................................................ 34 Green Roads ......................................................................................................... 34 Advantage of Green roads in sustainable road infrastructure ......................... 34 INVEST-(FWA) ...................................................................................................... 35 GREEN LITES........................................................................................................ 36 Others types of rating systems ............................................................................... 36 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 38 Purpose of Research.............................................................................................. 38 Methodology........................................................................................................... 38 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS.......................................................................................................... 39 RECYCLED SCRAP TIRES………………………………………………………………….39 Embodied energy and carbon footprint ……………………………………………….39 Recyclability of scrap tires ...................................................................................... 40 Cost analysis .......................................................................................................... 41 RECYCLED GLASS……….…………………………………………………………………. 47 Embodied energy and carbon footprint ................................................................. 47 Recyclability of scrap tires ...................................................................................... 48 Cost analysis .......................................................................................................... 50 RECYCLED PLASTIC.…….………………………………………………………………….53 Embodied energy and carbon footprint ................................................................. 54 Recyclability of scrap tires ...................................................................................... 55 Cost analysis .......................................................................................................... 58 CONCLUSION………..…….………………………………………………………………….60 Current challenges in adopting application of alternate materials in pavement design and construction .......................................................................................... 61 RESOURCES………...…….………………………………………………………………….66 CITATIONS…………..…….…………………………………………………………………. 72 LIST OF FIGURE REFFERENCE…….…………..…….………………………………………………………..78 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure.1 –Flexible pavement 15 Figure.2 –Rigid Pavement 16 Figure.3 –Recycling rates of municipal wastes 21 Figure.4– Engineering properties of tire bales 23 Figure.5 – Compressive strength of waste glass concrete mixes 25 Figure 6 – Fresh densities of waste glass concrete mixes 25 Figure 7 – Engineering properties of recycled glass 26 Figure 8 – Different routes for plastic waste management 29 Figure 9 – Results of SDBC Mix for Varying Percentages of LDPE 30 Figure 10 - Comparison of ECC material performance in uniaxial tension 31 Figure 11 – Design Chart for ECC and Concrete overlay thickness 33 Figure 12 – Framework of LCA 35 Figure 13– Difference in carbon dioxide equivalent between asphalt & recycled tire 41 Figure 14 – Section of pavement using scrap tires 42 Figure 15 – System of recycling tires 46 Figure 16– Recycling GHG Benefits Attributable to Energy Savings compared to landfilling 48 Figure 17– Difference in process energy (Mil Btu) between virgin & recycled 49 materials Figure 18– Difference in transportation energy (Mil Btu) between virgin & recycled materials 50 Figure 19– Mix design of rigid pavement for 8000 psi 52 Figure 20– Price Difference in using replacing waste glass with sand 53 Figure 21– Difference in process energy in greenhouse gas emissions of virgin plastics and recycled plastics 55 Figure 22– Difference in process energy of virgin plastics and recycled plastics 56 Figure 23– Flow chart of a plastic waste management process 57 Figure 24– Energy Savings per Short Ton of Recycled Material compared to landfilling 59 Figure 25– Solar roadways 64 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to extend much gratitude to my committee members for their insightful input and direction for which this thesis would not be possible. Most especially my chair, Dr. Nawari, and my co-chair Professor Chini, whose expertise and passion for the topic have been most inspiring. Also, to those who made my time at this pristine university such a great experience especially Dr. Michael Kung, Professor Ruth Steiner and my fellow graduates. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends who supported me through this entire journey constantly. Abstract of the Master’s Research Project Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architectural Studies with a Concentration in Sustainable Design INTEGRATION OF RECYCLED INDUSTRIAL WASTES INTO PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE By Ashish Tripathy Asutosh July 2016 Chair:- Nawari O. Nawari Co-chair:- Abdol R Chini Major: Master of Science in Architectural Studies with a Concentration in Sustainable Design Transportation Infrastructure has remained the key element for the economic and social development of a country. Especially in developing countries, the demand for new roads and maintenance of existing roads are very high as they depend on the overall development. This call for transforming the methods the roads are being laid. Recent studies have shown light in the background of making our transportation system greener and sustainable, which can be a fast track to achieving the goals of saving the planet from further critical conditions. One of the effective ways of addressing this issue is by the substitution or replacement of pavements layers using alternate materials which are not 9 extracted from nature. Many experiments have been done in finding