Research Article iMedPub Journals Genetics and Molecular Biology Research 2018 http://www.imedpub.com/ Vol.1 No.1:5 Genetic Association of GDF5, COG5 and CYBA Gene Polymorphisms with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis in South Indian Population 1* Poornima S1 , Subramanyam K2, Khan IA3, Sumanlatha G4 , Hasan Q 1Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. 2Department of Orthopedics, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. 3Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. *Corresponding author: Dr. Qurratulain Hasan, Department of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospitals, LB Nagar, Hyderabad 500068, India, Tel: 040-39879999; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: February 24, 2018; Accepted date: March 22, 2017; Published date: April 03, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Poornima S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. the disability caused by the disease. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study in India. Abstract Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is also known as degenerative Keywords: Osteoarthritis; GDF5; COG5; CYBA; South arthritis and it affects millions of people and can have a Indian population huge impact on their lives. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in combination with genome wide association studies (GWAS) have been significantly focused. Abbreviations: GWAS have been evaluated using candidate genes with genetic variants for Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5), OA-Osteoarthritis; GWAS-Genome-Wide Association Studies ; Component of Oligomeric Golgi complex 5 (COG5), and GDF5-Growth Differentiation Factor 5; COG5-Component of an Cytochrome B-245 alpha chain (CYBA) with primary knee Oligomeric Complex; CYBA- Cytochrome B-245 Alpha Chain; Osteoarthritis (OA). These studies have been documented in SNPs-Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; BMI-Body Mass Index; Caucasian population, and we aimed to investigate the CDMP1-Cartilage-Derived Morphogenetic Protein 1; PCR- case-control study to evaluate association between knee OA in the South Indian population. Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; MDR-Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction; OR- Materials & methods: SNPs for GDF5 (rs143383), COG5 Odds ratio; CI-Confidence Intervals; T2DM-Type 2 Diabetes (rs4730250) and CYBA (rs4676) were genotyped with Mellitus. polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in 150 primary Knee OA cases and 150 age and gender-matched controls. Alleles and genotype Introduction frequencies were calculated to compare the significant and Knee Osteoarthritis is commonly documented form for knee non-significant association with the p-values. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was performed to joint diseases in all the ages and considered mainly in the study the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. middle-age [1]. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the multifactorial diseases linked up with age and characterized through the loss Results: Baseline clinical details such as Body Mass Index of articular cartilage in synovial joints [2]. OA is the leading (BMI), weight, histories of Type 2 diabetes and hypertension cause of chronic disability, in the elderly population and is were significantly associated with primary Knee OA characterized by joint pain, swelling, stiffness and is known for (p<0.05). Genetic factors for 3 SNPs were significantly its association with poor quality of life [3,4]. The exact associated with allelic frequency, dominant, and recessive mode of inheritance pattern (p<0.05). MDR analysis mechanisms responsible in the etiology of OA are still unclear, revealed a strong synergistic interaction between GDF5 and and multiple lifestyle and environmental factors are considered CYBA as well as COG5 and CYBA gene polymorphisms. GDF5 to significantly contribute to its risk. Age, weight, climate and gene polymorphism is also synergistically interacting with economic status etc [5,6]. The increasing obesity is a growing BMI. burden in the elderly population because the knee joint is commonly affected by OA [2,7]. The results of heritability Conclusion: The three gene polymorphisms of GDF5, COG5 studies in twins, sibling pairs, and families have shown that and CYBA could be used as a molecular biomarker to genetic factors are estimated to contribute 50% of the risk for identify primary Knee OA in south Indian population to assess the risk of disease which in turn helps us to reduce developing OA [8,9]. The role of specific genes is under investigation as the estimated heritability of primary OA is high, © Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License | This article is available from: http://www.imedpub.com/genetics-molecular-biology-research/ 1 Genetics and Molecular Biology Research 2018 Vol.6 No.1:5 i.e., 40% for the knee, 60% for the hip, and 65% for the hand superoxide, which is important for the microbicidal activity of [10]. these cells [20]. Presently, there are no pharmacological interventions for OA patients. Replacement of knee joint is the The investigations using Genome-Wide Association Studies only effective treatment at a severe stage of the osteoarthritis (GWAS) have provided significant growth in the knowledge of but is relatively costly and highly invasive. Based on the previous genetics in OA [11,12], and multiple genes have been identified studies, we assume that multiple genes may be involved in which are associated with complex diseases. Apart from GWAS, susceptibility to knee OA and we designed a case-control study meta-analysis, linkage analysis, and candidate gene studies also to evaluate the association between primary knee OA in South implicated some genes in the etiology of OA [13]. In the present Indian population with three selected SNPs relevant in the case-control study, three genes which play a role in the pathogenesis of knee OA. pathophysiology of knee OA were evaluated. Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5; ID-8200, MIM-601146), gene variant (rs143383), mapped to the gene cluster on chromosome Materials and Methods 7 which includes the component of Oligomeric Golgi complex 5 (COG5; ID-10466, MIM-606821) gene and rs4676 (C242T) Sample selection polymorphism is appeared as a functional variant in the promoter region of Cytochrome B-245, Alpha Polypeptide The present case-control study comprised 150 primary Knee (CYBA; ID-1535; MIM-608508) have been identified as candidate OA cases which were clinically diagnosed, age and gender- genes for primary knee OA [14]. The GDF5 mutation has been matched 150 individuals with no musculoskeletal problems were associated with skeletal dysplasia’s, including Hunter-Thompson- considered as controls. Approval for the study was granted by type acromesomelic dysplasia, type C brachydactyly, and Grebe- the Institutional Ethics committee as per the 1964 Helsinki type chondrodysplasia in the humans and these associations declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical endorse that GDF5 plays an important role in human skeletal standards. After obtaining the signed informed consent from all development and maintenance [15]. GDF5 is also known as the subjects, 2 ml of peripheral blood sample was drawn in EDTA CDMP1 (cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein1), a growth vacutainer. Demographic details, along with clinical, personnel factor with high articular cartilage and a member of BMP (bone and family history were obtained from patient or patient’s care morphogenetic protein) family of the Transforming Growth taker. In this hospital-based study, we have selected 150 primary Factor β superfamily. The GDF5 is involved in the joint formation knee OA cases from the Department of Orthopedics based on and expressed in the region of future joints during early the inclusion and exclusion criteria described in our recent development. The role of GDF5 in the pathogenesis of OA is publication [21]. The primary knee OA cases were clinically known as it plays a key role in bone and cartilage diagnosed and radiologically confirmed with primary morphogenesis, as well as, in joint formation [16]. The rs143383 osteoarthritis as per the Kellegren/Lawrence score (0-4 score) polymorphism in the 5’-untranslated regions of GDF5 is [22]. associated with knee OA in Europeans and Asians [17,18]. The Simultaneously, we have selected age, and gender-matched COG5 protein is one of eight proteins (Cog1-8) which form a 150 controls from master health checkup based on Golgi-localized complex required for normal Golgi morphology questionnaire without any history of musculoskeletal diseases. and function. The encoded protein is organized with conserved The selection, inclusion and exclusion criteria of cases and oligomeric Golgi complex components 6,7 and eight into a sub- controls have been described in detail in our prior publication complex referred to as lobe B. Alternative splicing results in [23]. multiple transcript variants. Mutations in this gene result in congenital disorder of glycosylation type 2I [19]. CYBA gene Selection of SNPs encodes the light, alpha subunit which has been proposed as a primary component of the microbicidal oxidase system of In the current study, three gene