NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED Aeronautics and Space Report of the President TRANSMITTED TO THE CONGRESS 1969 JANUARY 1970 Executive Office of the President National Aeronautics and Space Council Washington, D.C. 20502 HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON JULY 1969, A. D. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND 4&#446dL sdz&I.&) NEIL A. ARMSTRONG @ MICHAEL COLLINS EDWlN E. ALDRIN, JR. ASTRONAUT ASTRONAUT ASTRONAUT &u".t;k RICHARD NIXON PRESIDENT, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL To the Congress of the United States: The year; 1969 was truly a turning point in the story of space exploration-the most significant of any year in that still brief history. I am pleased to transmit to the Congress this report on the space and aeronautics activities of ow Government in the past 12 months. As I do so, I again salute the thousands of men and women whose devotion and skill over many years have made our recent successes possible. This report tells the remarkable and now familiar story of man’s first and second landings on the Moon. It recounts, too, the exciting Mariner voyage which took the first closeup photographs of the planet Mars. But it also discusses the space triumphs of 1969 which were less well-publicized, successes which also have great significance. It tells, for example, of the progress made in our communications satellite, weather satellite and Earth resources satellite programs. It discusses the scien’tific and military implications of all our recent advances. It details the progress we have made toward achieving greater international participation in our space adventures. And it reports, too, on our advances in aeronautical technology. In 1969 we achieved the most prominent of our goals in space-one which had long been a focus for our energies. As we enter a new decade, we must now set new goals which make sense for the seventies. The space budget that I am submitting to Congress reflects my view of a balanced space program, one which will build on the progress we have already made. Our space and aeronautics program has benefited this Nation in many ways. It has contributed to our national security, to our educational, transportation, and com- mercial strength, to our scientific and medical knowledge, to our international position and to our sense of the dignity and the capacity of man. And the story is only begin- ning. We have made long strides into the future during the past year; now we must build on those accomplishments in the coming years and decades. THEWHITE HOUSE, January 1970. ADDENDUM TO THE PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL REPORT Since the material for this report was prepared, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has redirected certain portions of the space program to bring the agency’s total operations in line with its budget for fiscal year 1971. The following alterations in the text reflect the budgetary changes : Page 8, first column, paragraph 5, text reads: “Three Apollo launches are scheduled for 1970.” Should read: “Two Apollo launches are scheduled for 1970.” Page 8, second column, paragraph 6, line 4, text reads: “The launch rate was reduced from 2-month launch intervals to 4-month intervals * * *.” Should read: “The Apollo lunar missions will be rescheduled to 6-monthintervals * * *.” Page 14, first column, paragraph 5, text reads: “Viking-NASA also plans (through its Viking project) to send two instrumented spacecraft to Mars for 90 days in 1973.” Should read: “The unmanned Viking lander will be launched to Mars in 1975.” Table of Contents Page Page I . Progress Toward U.S. Aeronautics and Space Earth Resources Technology Satellite .......... 56.. .......... 1 Aircraft Utilization . 56 Introduction ......... 1 XI . Department of Com 57 Service to Mankind ......................... 1 Introduction ................................ 57 National Security ............. 2 Environmental Science Services Administra 57 Scientific Exploration .......... 3 Coast and Geodetic Survey Operations 60 New Capabilities .............. 3 The Environmental Data Service ...... 62 International Cooperation .................... 4 Weather Bureau Operations .............. 62 Aeronautics ....... 5 ESSA Research Laboratories .............. 64 Summary .................................. 6 National Bureau of Standards ................. 66 I1 . National Aeronautics and Space Council ....... 6 Basic Measurements and Standards 66 I11 . Naticnal Aeronautics and Space Administration . 7 Materials Research and Standards ......... 67 Introduction ................................ 7 Technological Measurements and Standards . 68 Manned Space Flight ........................ 8 Office of State Technical Services .... 68 Apollo Program .... .................. 8 Maritime Administration .... 69 Lunar Exploration . .................. 10 XI1. Department of Transportatio 69 Advanced Manned Missions .............. 12 Introduction .............. 69 Planetary Exploration ....................... 13-~ The Supersonic Transport ... 69 Space Science and Applications ............... 15 Air Traffic Control and Navigation System ..... 69 Advanced Research and Technology 17 Aviation Safety Research and Development ..... 71 Basic and Applied Research .............. 17 Human Factors in Aviation .................. 74 18 Aviation and the Environment ......... 74 19 XI11 . National Science Foundation ................. 75 Chemical Propulsion ..................... 19 Introduction ............................... 75 Biotechnology and Human Research 20 XIV. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Space Vehicle Systems .................. 21 of Engineering, National Research Council . 78 Electronics and Control .................. 22 Introduction ............................... 78 Space Power and Ele 24 Space Science Board ........................ 78 Nuclear Propulsion . 25 Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board . 80 Tracking and Data Acquisition ............... 26 Division on Behavioral Sciences ............... 81 University Programs ......................... 27 81 International Affairs ......................... 27 82 Industry Affairs ... 29 83 30 84 Relationship With Other Government Agencies . 30 84 The NASA Safety Program .................. 31 85 IV. Department of Defense ....................... 32 85 Introduction ................................ 32 85 Space Development Activities ................. 32 Center for Short Lived Phenomena ............ 86 Space Ground Support ....................... 35 National Air and Space Museum ............. 87 DOD National Ranges ..... ......... 35 National Museum of Natural History .......... 87 Aeronautics Development Activities ............ 35 XVI. Federal Communications Commission .......... 88 Supporting Research and Technology .......... 38 Introduction ............. 88 Cooperation With Other Government Agencies . 41 Regulatory Activities ........................ 88 V . Atomic Energy Commission ................... 42 International Radio Consultative Committee .... 89 Introduction ................................ 42 Maritime Mobile Service ..................... 89 Space Electric Power ........................ 43 Aeronautical Development ................... 90 Space Radioisotope Power Systems ........ 43 Amateur Radio Service ...................... 90 Space Reactor Power Systems ............. 43 Radio Astronomy and Space Services .......... 90 Space Isotopic Fuel Development ......... 44 Broadcasting Policy Coordination ...... 91 Nuclear Rocket Program ................. 44 Detection of Space and Atmospheric Nuclear Appendixes Explosions ................................ 45 VI . Department of State ......................... 45 A.1 . U.S. Spacecraft Record (chart) ................ 92 Introduction ................................ 45 A-2 . U.S. Spacecraft Record ...................... 92 VI1 . United States Information Agency ............. 48 U.S.S.R. Spacecraft Successfully Launched ...... 92 Introduction ............................... 48 A-3 . Successful U.S. Launches--1969 ............... 93-99 Guidelines .................................. 48 A-4 . Aeronautical Events of 1969................... 100 Treatment ........ .... 48 B. U.S. Applications Satellites, 1958-69 ......... .IO0-102 VI11. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ....... 50 C . History of US. and Soviet Manned Space Flights Introduction ................................ 50 103-104 IX . Department of the Interior . .. 51 D . U.S. Space Launch Vehicles .................. 104 Introduction ............................... 51 E Nuclear Power Systems for Space Application .... 105 Aeronautics ................................ 51 . F-1 Space Activities of the U.S. Government ..... 105 Space ........... .................... 52.. X . Department of A re ................... 55 U.S. Space Budget-New Obligational Authority Introduction ..... .................... 55 (chart) ................................... 105 Research Results . .................... 55 F-2 . Space Activities Budget ....................... 106 Earth Resources Survey Program ... ....... 56 Aeronautics Budget ........................... 106 V ”That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” I Progress Toward U.S. Aeronautics and Space Goals in 1969 Introduction exploration system, took departure from Earth on man’s second journey to the Moon. With pinpoint ac- Nineteen hundred and sixty-nine was truly a signifi- curacy, Astronauts Conrad and Bean