ARCHITECTURES OF THE SUN International committee for documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement Journal 60 — 2019/02 ARCHITECTURES OF THE SUN Journal 60 Editor Ana Tostões Guest editor Susana Lobo Editorial Board Hubert-Jan Henket Louise Noelle Gras Scott Robertson Advisory Board Anthony Vidler Barry Bergdoll Hilde Heynen Jean-Louis Cohen Michelangelo Sabatino Sarah Whiting Tom Avermaete Wilfried Wang Vittorio Lampugnani English editor Scott Robertson Collaborators Beatriz Agostinho Carolina Chaves João Lucas Domingos Mafalda Pacheco Sílvio Alves Design Ana Maria Braga Printing Maiadouro, Portugal All rights reserved. © of the edition, docomomo International, © of the images, their authors and © of the texts, their authors. docomomo Journal Published twice a year by the docomomo International secretariat. docomomo International Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. 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EDITORIAL E.1027 DOSSIER 02 The right to holidays or the emergence 66 E.1027: Maison en bord de mer of an era of optimism a prototypical vacation residence — BY ANA TOSTÕES — BY WILFRIED WANG 71 E.1027: murder and mystery of the camera INTRODUCTION Gems on the history of the house E.1027 created by Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici 04 From paid holidays to mass tourism: — BY CHRISTIAN MÜLLER a typological evolution — BY SUSANA LOBO 77 Eileen Gray and the influence of Cubism — BY ROSAMUND DIAMOND 84 Should Le Corbusier’s E.1027 murals be considered as “historical monuments”? ESSAYS — BY AGNÈS CAILLIAU 08 Public swimming pools in Australia — BY HANNAH LEWI 60 — 2019/2 16 Holiday colonies for Italian youth during Fascism 89 NEWS — BY MARCO MULAZZANI docomomo 24 From the Ciutat de Repòs to the Ciudades Sindicales de Vacaciones: seaside Vacation City for Workers in Marbella. The present of modern leisure heritage DOCUMENTATION ISSUE — BY MAR LOREN-MÉNDEZ, DANIEL PINZÓN-AYALA 90 Tourism and modern architecture Contents AND ROBERTO F. ALONSO-JIMÉNEZ in a “Green Hell”: Hotel Amazonas (1947–1952) 34 Weaving the Xenia network in post-war — BY RICARDO PAIVA Greece: The ethical structure of hospitality — BY EMILIA ATHANASSIOU 42 Hotel megastructures: the Balaia 94 BOOK REVIEWS “turn key” experience in Portugal — BY SUSANA LOBO 50 Tourist towns in Languedoc-Roussillon: projects and discourse for mass tourism — BY IZOL MAREZ LOPÉZ 58 Building High Tatras: dilemma of form 96 APPENDIX Architecture of 1960s and 1970s in the most famous Slovak mountain resort — BY HENRIETA MORAVCIKOVÁ EDITORIAL ANA TOSTÕES Chair of docomomo International The right to holidays or the emergence of an era of optimism in memory of Tiago Freitas (1977—2017) Entitled “Architectures of the Sun” this issue of the in the snow or at seaside locations in Brazil, France, Greece, docomomo Journal is devoted to the theme of holidays, and Portugal or Slovakia; all these reveal a wide range of considers the key role of Modern Movement architecture in perceptions of the landscape based on a singular modernity. the symbolic and functional affirmation of the new leisure The relationship between architecture and the tourist land- era. The aim is to reflect on the transformation of the terri- scape was approached as a unique issue, experienced as a tory and to address the architectural challenges arising from reshaping of leisure spaces in accordance with the needs of the collective happiness and joy contained in what has been contemporary society. called the right to holidays. Above all, the landscape became an inspiration for In 1937, ciam 5 specifically linked the housing question to modern architecture and to a certain extent, for large- leisure, considering it an absolute necessity to acknowledge scale complexes, in claiming the right to vacation for all. 60 — 2019/2 that “the most privileged places will be chosen for the loca- To the middle class, it represented the opening up of some- tion of these [leisure] areas. Taking possession of these places thing that, before the war, had been a privilege reserved by large masses will allow for rest and outdoor exercise, the for the elite. indispensable recuperation of the forces lost in the city”. docomomo International is grateful to Susana Lobo for docomomo As Charlotte Périand (1903–1999) asserted, the need to accepting the challenge to be guest editor of this DJ. Thanks create machines à recréer, the goal was definitively to assure to her commitment, allied with meticulous and rigorous “the happiness of men”. work, and to the skill of a wide range of professionals, From the first optimistic architectural swimming-pool scholars and researchers who have contributed with their complexes to discovering the enjoyment of beaches or knowledge and dedicated work, it is with great pleasure of winter sports in the mountains, these “architectures of that we present this journal. the Sun” began to link the power of landscapes with the A variety of reflections is presented: from essays dedi- relaxation and pleasure of the human body. Associated cated to the swimming phenomena and the creation of Editorial with healthy living and claimed for all, for the first time, the swimming-pool complexes, to the holiday colonies and beaches, mountains, lakes and forests became identified as cities created for workers’ relaxation, from an investigation places for vacations. of hotel typology, to essays on tourist megastructures and This docomomo Journal is a first attempt to discuss, emblematic mountain resorts. among our network, the heritage of architectural I also wish to thank Wilfried Wang for the exciting E.1027 programmes in the context of holidays, tourism and leisure, Dossier, which reveals the most recent thinking on Eileen envisaged as a social conquest of modernity. Issues such Gray (1878–1976) and Jean Badovici’s (1893–1956) unique as landscape, memory, identity and heritage, are explored and exquisite legacy. The Maison en bord de mer symbolically against a background of territorial transformation and represents the vacation refuge, set within an amazing and exploding tourism within the scope of the welfare society. poetic landscape, and also raises the question of the legacy From the joyful phenomenon of swimming pools in of holiday architecture: the preservation, maintenance and Australia to children’s beach-sports facilities under Italian re-use of these buildings and sites in accordance with a fascism; or the workers’ vacation cities for trade unions, responsible evaluation of the landscape in environmental from republican Spain to the Franco period; from the and sustainable terms. creation of the seaside hotel to large scale tourist complexes On the previous page: Eileen Gray, Jean Badovici, E.1027, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, 1929, view of guest balcony and sun pool. © Viviana Andrada Baumann, 2016 3 INTRODUCTION From paid holidays to mass tourism: a typological evolution BY SUSANA LOBO in memory of Tiago Freitas (1977—2017)1 The 1919 ratification of the 48-hour working week by the government6 of Léon Blum (1872–1950) elected in 1936 Organization Internationale du Travail [International Labor and responsible for the