Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three spruce-infesting bark beetles in Slovenia Andreja Repe, Thomas Kirisits, Barbara Piškur, Maarten Groot, Bojka Kump, Maja Jurc To cite this version: Andreja Repe, Thomas Kirisits, Barbara Piškur, Maarten Groot, Bojka Kump, et al.. Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three spruce-infesting bark beetles in Slovenia. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2013, 70 (7), pp.717-727. 10.1007/s13595-013-0311-y. hal-01201512 HAL Id: hal-01201512 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201512 Submitted on 17 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2013) 70:717–727 DOI 10.1007/s13595-013-0311-y ORIGINAL PAPER Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three spruce-infesting bark beetles in Slovenia Andreja Repe & Thomas Kirisits & Barbara Piškur & Maarten de Groot & Bojka Kump & Maja Jurc Received: 5 December 2012 /Accepted: 1 July 2013 /Published online: 26 July 2013 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2013 Abstract & Methods Bark beetles were sampled in four phytogeo- & Context Ophiostomatoid fungi can severely affect the graphic regions in Slovenia. The fungi found on the bark health and economic value of Norway spruce trees (Picea beetles were identified based on morphology, DNA se- abies). Although the diversity of ophiostomatoid species and quence comparisons of ITS regions and phylogenetic analy- their associations with insects have been well-investigated in sis. The species compositions of the fungal associates of the central and northern Europe, little is known about the con- three insect species were compared and the pairwise associ- ditions in south-eastern Europe. ations of the occurrence of the fungal species were analysed. & Aim This study aims to study the assemblages of ophiosto- & Results Thirteen different species were found. The most com- matoid fungi associated with three bark beetle species (Ips monly encountered fungal associates of the beetles were typographus, Ips amitinus,andPityogenes chalcographus)that Ophiostoma bicolor, Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, infect Norway spruce in Slovenia. Grosmannia piceiperda, Ophiostoma ainoae, Ceratocystiopsis minuta,andGrosmannia penicillata. The composition of the fungal associates differed among the bark beetle species, but not Handling Editor: Francois Lieutier among the phytogeographic regions. Contribution of co-authors Andreja Repe: designing the experiment, & Conclusions This study confirms that ophiostomatoid spe- running the experiment, analysing data, writing the manuscript. cies are common associates of the investigated bark beetle Thomas Kirisits: designing the experiment, revising and partly writing species. Many ophiostomatoid species have strong host as- the manuscript. Maja Jurc: designing the experiment, supervising, revising the manuscript. Barbara Piškur: running laboratory part of the sociations. I. typographus and P. chalcographus can act as experiment, revising and partly writing the manuscript. Bojka Kump: effective vectors for O. bicolor, O. ainoae, G. piceiperda and running the laboratory part of the experiment, revising the manuscript. O. brunneo-ciliatum, whereas I. amitinus often carries G. Maarten de Groot: analysing data, revising the manuscript. piceiperda and C. minuta in Slovenian forests. A. Repe (*) : M. Jurc Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, . č Keywords Picea abies Ophiostoma Grosmannia Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ve na pot 83, . 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ceratocystis Ceratocystiopsis Forestry Ophiostomatoid e-mail: [email protected] fungi . Bark beetle . Fungal associations . Phytogeographic regions . Blue stain fungi . Forest pathology . Forest T. Kirisits entomology . Scolytinae Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection Department for Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria 1 Introduction B. Piškur : M. de Groot Department of Forest Protection, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia, with approximately 60 % forest cover, is one of the Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia most forested countries in Europe. Nearly half of the growing stock consists of conifers, 31.5 % of which are Norway spruce B. Kump (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), although their share in natural forests Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, is significantly lower (Babuder and Pohleven 1995). In 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Slovenia, P. abies is frequently found on sites where it does 718 A. Repe et al. not occur naturally and is therefore often susceptible to various stages of fungal succession (Jacobs and Wingfield 2001). Wood abiotic and biotic factors. As a consequence, the health of the colonisation by ophiostomatoid fungi can lead to sapstain, a blue forest collapses and the number of sanitary fellings increases. In to grey discoloration of the sapwood, which is therefore also Slovenia, a common cause for sanitary felling of P. abies trees is referred to as blue stain (Kirisits 2004). Some ophiostomatoid damage caused by insects, mostly bark beetles (Coleoptera, fungi are aggressive tree pathogens that cause serious vascular Scolytinae), followed by diseases such as pathogenic fungi and wilt and vascular stain diseases (e.g. Dutch elm disease, black wind throw (Forest Report of Slovenia 2011). The most damag- stain root disease, canker stain disease of plane trees and oak ingbarkbeetlesonP. abies trees in Slovenia are Ips typographus wilt), resulting in the disruption of water transport and tree death (Linnaeus 1758), Pityogenes chalcographus (Linnaeus 1761), (Kirisits 2004). Both sapstain and vascular stain diseases may Ips amitinus (Eichhoff 1871) and Polygraphus poligraphus affect P. abies and result in economic losses for forestry and the (Linnaeus 1758) (Jurc 2006). I. typographus,whichisthebark wood industry. beetle species that is most aggressive toward P. abies, develops In Slovenia, bark beetles have been studied extensively, on weakened or freshly harvested trees. P. chalcographus may but research on bark beetle-associated fungi has been only also be a quite aggressive bark beetle species, attacking P. abies preliminary to date or has not included the beetles investi- particularly when the trees are drought-, snow- or wind throw- gated in this study, e.g. Trypodendron lineatum (Babuder and stressed (Jurc 2006). Both insects become primary pests under Pohleven 1993, 1995). The aim of this study was thus to outbreak conditions (Jurc 2006). I. amitinus and I. typographus contribute to the knowledge of Scolytus–fungus interactions frequently colonise trees together, causing high levels of host in Slovenia as well as in Europe as the southernmost study of mortality (Jurc and Bojović 2004). In Slovenia, I. typographus the mycobiota associated with spruce bark beetles. The ma- and P. chalcographus are widely distributed inside and outside jor aim of the present study was to investigate the composi- the natural distribution range of P. abies,whereasI. amitinus is tion of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three bark particularly common at high elevations in the Slovenian Alps beetle species, including I. typographus, I. amitinus and P. (Jurc and Bojović 2004). chalcographus, in four different phytogeographic regions of Bark beetles are well-known vectors of ophiostomatoid Slovenia. Regarding the interactions among the fungi, the fungi. These fungi are introduced into a new host tree during aim was to determine whether certain fungal species are bark beetle attacks and the construction of their egg galleries more likely to appear simultaneously. The interactions can (Paine et al. 1997; Harrington 2005; Jankowiak et al. 2009). be either positive or negative. Some fungi might appear The larvae that hatch from the eggs later pupate at the end of together more commonly or inhibit the growth of others. larval galleries (Jurc 2006). Sporulation of fungi in the pupal chambers is particularly important for later fungi dissemina- tion (Harrington 2005). After pupation, the young adults 2 Materials and methods emerge. They carry the fungal spores on specialised struc- tures called mycangium or most commonly, freely on their 2.1 Study areas, sample collection and fungal isolation bodies. The spores can also be eaten and passed through the digestive tract (Harrington 1993; Paine et al. 1997). The bark beetles were collected at six sites in four phytogeo- The ophiostomatoid fungi are a diverse, polyphyletic group graphic regions (Alpine, Dinaric, Predinaric, Subpanonic) in of morphologically similar genera of ascomycetes ubiquitously Slovenia. All of the collection sites (Table 1) were located in found on coniferous and deciduous tree species (Kirisits 2004). secondary P. abies stands. These are forest stands that were These fungi have similar teleomorph structures (long-necked created by a disorder, in our case anthropogenic (felling of perithecia containing