PASSIVE HOUSE A Primer on the Passive House Standard, and a Local Example By Thomas A. Davidson, P.E. , CPHC (PHIUS) DLB Associates Consulting Engineers with assistance from Troy Hodas, CPHC (PHIUS) Spruce Mountain, Inc. dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 1 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx LEARNING OBJECTIVES dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 2 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx AGENDA Learning Objectives What is Passive House: A Brief History of the Movement The Big Picture: Residential Energy Codes, US Building Energy Consumption , CO2 Emissions Basic Technical Requirements of Passive House (US Version) Typical Construction Components/ Standards Example Home – The Wurtsboro NY Net Zero Home ‐ Construction Example Home – The Wurtsboro NY Net Zero Home ‐ Performance and Lessons Learned State of NJ Incentives for High Efficiency Residential Construction Quiz dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 3 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx WHAT IS PASSIVE HOUSE? A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 4 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx Passive House ‐ The First in the World, and in the US Kranichstein Multi‐family Passive House, Darmstadt, Germany Smith House, Urbana, Illinois dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 5 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx Higher Window R‐values allow for Increased Design Diversity Passive House, West Cork, Ireland dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 6 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx PASSIVE HOUSE – MISSION STATEMENTS There are actually 2 primary passive house organizations at this point in time: PHI and PHIUS. PHIUS is an ‘offshoot’ of PHI, and they are now separate entities. The Passive House Institute (PHI) is an independent research institute founded 1996 by Dr Wolfgang Feist. PHI played the R&D role in the development of the Passive House concept. The first pilot project (Kranichstein Passive House, Darmstadt, Germany, 1990) was Europe’s first inhabited multi‐family house to achieve a documented heating energy consumption of below 10 kWh/m²yr (0.93 kwh/sf‐yr)), a consumption level confirmed through years of detailed monitoring. In the US, PHIUS was founded in 2007 by Katrin Klingenberg, a German Architect who moved to the US. The mission statement of PHIUS, a 501(c)(3) non‐profit organization, is: “To develop and promote North American passive building standards, practices, and certifications for buildings, professionals, and products to create structures that are durable, resilient, healthy, and super energy efficient.” dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 7 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx PASSIVE HOUSE – A TRUNCATED HISTORY 1973 ‐ OPEC Oil Embargo 1975 – ASHRAE – First Building Energy Code Released 1976 ‐ “Lo‐Cal” house ‐ Wayne Schick at University of Illinois (included R‐30 Double Wall Construction with thermal break, R‐33 Roof, triple‐pane glazing, Air‐ to‐air HX) 1980’s – a bit of a void, though with research continuing in Europe, US Energy Codes continued to be more efficient 1992 – Energy Crafted Home Program (primarily in Northeast US) 1996 ‐ Dr. Wolfgang Feist founded the Passivhaus Institut – PHI [over 25,000 homes in Germany are currently certified] 2004 ‐ First Certified Passive House in the US – Smith House ‐ Built in Urbana, Il. – designed by German‐born architect Katrin Klingenberg 2007 – PHIUS, a US non‐profit, co‐founded by Katrin Klingenberg and Mike Kernagis dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 8 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx PASSIVE HOUSE – A TRUNCATED HISTORY 2014 ‐ USDOE’s Challenge Home evolves into the Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) and recognizes need for a low‐energy home to be combined with on‐site renewables to achieve the most cost efficient Net Zero Energy (NZE) threshold 2015 – PHIUS decided that German standard was too rigid, and did independent research (with a US Department of Energy – USDOE ‐ grant) to come up with (climate specific) criteria for certification (PHIUS+ 2015 Passive Building Standard). Buildings designed to this standard perform 60‐85% better than buildings designed to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) . 2017 ‐ There are now about 1,200 housing units nationwide that are PHIUS+ Certified or Pre‐Certified. Multi‐family housing is a large and growing component. 2018 – House Tours are available – search for ‘Passive House Days’ for the dates dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 9 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx THE BIG PICTURE: RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CODES, US BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 10 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx US RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CODES – HOW FAR HAVE WE COME? Energy Use of Residential Housing Stock is still significant Source for chart below is USDOE October 2008 MEC = Model Energy Code IECC = International Energy Conservation Code dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 11 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx US BUILDING CO2 EMISSIONS – HOW FAR HAVE WE COME? CO2 Emissions of US Buildings Exceeds Total Emissions of Japan, France and the UK Combined Source for chart below is USDOE October 2008 dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 12 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx US BUILDING CO2 EMISSIONS – HOW FAR HAVE WE COME? Residential Energy is consumed in a variety of ways, but Space Heating is the largest component (30.7%), followed by space cooling (12.3%), water heating (12.2%), and lighting (11%). [2005 Source] Heating and Cooling together constitute 43% of home energy use dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 13 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx BASIC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OF PASSIVE HOUSE dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 14 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx PASSIVEHAUS INTERNATIONAL (PHI) – BASIC REQUIREMENTS The PHI standard requires that the building fulfills the following requirements: HVAC: The building must be designed to have the annual heating and cooling usage as calculated with the Passivhaus Planning Package be not more than 15 kWh/m2 (4,755 BTU/sq ft; 5.017 MJ/sq ft) per year in heating or cooling energy OR be designed with a peak heat load of 10 W/m2 (930 W/1000 sq ft, or 3173 Btu/ 1000 sq ft.). Total Source Energy: Total energy (source energy for electricity, etc.) consumption (primary energy for heating, hot water, electricity) must not be more than 60 kWh/m2 (19,020 BTU/ SF, or 20.07 MJ/sq ft) per year. Envelope Air Leakage: The building must not leak more air than 0.6 times the house volume per hour (n50 ≤ 0.6 / hour, ACH/ hr) at 50 Pa (0.0073 psi) as tested by a blower door, or alternatively when looked at the surface area of the enclosure, the leakage rate must be less than 0.05 CFM/ SF of envelope surface area. dlb associates | confidential and proprietary 15 Printed: 9/13/2018 7:30 AM k:\engineering‐shared\energy audit resources\passive homes\2018 passive house presentation\passive house presentation ‐ 2018 nj ashrae chapter ‐ external distribution.pptx PHIUS+ 2015 STANDARD – WHY DIFFERENT THAN PHI? In Germany (and most of Europe) the climatic differences are not as varied as in the US The PHI standard was applied to the Fairview II House (1667 sf) demonstration project in Urbana, Ill, and resulted in: R‐60