Arch 150: Appreciation of Architecture I Egypt 1: Architecture of the Old Kingdom 3000 2000 1000 500 bc ad 500 Old Kingdom 3200-2158 (dynasties 1-8) Giza Saqqara Dahshur Meidum Memphis Thebes Djoser complex, Saqqara Step pyramid, Meidum 1st cataract (Aswan) Bent pyramid, Dahshur Pyramid complex, Giza Stonehenge ca. 2750 bc Minoans and Mycenaeans ca. 1600 bc Indus Valley Egypt Civilization ca. 3200 bc Sumer ca. 2400 bc ca. 3000 bc 3000 2000 1000 500 0 500 Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Defeat of Cleopatra 3200-2158 (1-8) 2134-1786 (11-13) 1570-1085 (18-20) 31 bce Lower Egypt Giza Heliopolis Memphis Amarna Upper Egypt Thebes 1st cataract (Aswan) Nubia Kush 3000 2000 1000 500 0 500 Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Defeat of Cleopatra 3200-2158 (1-8) 2134-1786 (11-13) 1570-1085 (18-20) 31 bce Giza Heliopolis Memphis Amarna Thebes 1st cataract (Aswan) Nubia Kush Nile Delta 1st cataract (Aswan) Egyptian houses, 18th dynasty (ca. 1370 bce) Egyptian houses (present) Saqqara Abydos mastaba stela Typical mastaba Typical mastaba Mastaba interior 1st dynasty mastaba (Lower Egypt) 1st dynasty royal mastaba (Lower Egypt) Giza Saqqara Dahshur Meidum Lower Egypt, satellite view Saqqara Djoser complex and the Nile, Saqqara, satellite view Djoser complex, Saqqara, Egypt (ca. 2630 bce) Djoser complex, Saqqara, Egypt (ca. 2630 bce) Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex Djoser complex, building of the South and its prototype Djoser complex, serdab Djoser complex, serdab Djoser complex, Pyramid Djoser complex, underground chambers Saqqara Meidum Step Pyramid, Meidum (ca. 2610 bce) Step Pyramid, Meidum (ca. 2500 bce) Step Pyramid, Meidum (ca. 2610 bce) Step Pyramid, Meidum (ca. 2610 bce) Saqqara Dahshur Meidum Black Pyramid (middle kingdom) Bent Pyramid, Dahshur (ca. 2600 bce) Bent Pyramid, Dahshur (ca. 2600 bce) Valley Temple Causway Mortuary Temple Bent Pyramid, Dahshur (ca. 2600 bce) Mortuary Temple Valley Temple Bent Pyramid, Dahshur (ca. 2600 bce) Bent Pyramid, Dahshur Bent Pyramid, Dahshur (ca. 2600 bce) Giza Saqqara Dahshur Meidum Pyramid complex, Giza (2550 – 2460 bce) Khufu Khafre Menkaure Pyramid complex, Giza (2550 – 2460 bce) Pyramid complex, Giza (2550 – 2460 bce) Pyramid complex, Giza Pyramid complex, Giza (2550 – 2460 bce) Pyramid complex, Giza (2550 – 2460 bce) Khafre Menkaure Khufu Pyramid complex, Giza Pyramid of Khufu, Giza Pyramid of Khufu, Giza Pyramid of Khufu, Giza Khafre pyramid complex, Giza Khafre valley temple Khafre valley temple Khafre valley temple Khafre Great Sphinx (ca. 2500 bce) Khafre mortuary temple Menkaure pyramid complex, Giza Pyramid comparison Khufu pyramid: • 2.3 million blocks (4000 - 200,000 lbs each) • 144,000 casing stones • construction time, 23 years (+/-) • 1 block every 2 minutes, 10 hours/day, 365 days per year. Pyramid construction Pyramid construction barges Pyramid construction quarrying with wedges and levers Pyramid construction helical and straight ramps Pyramid construction rope roll Pyramid construction sledge designs “After laying the stones for the base, they raised the remaining stones to their places by means of machines formed of short wooden planks. The first machine raised them from the ground to the top of the first step. On this there was another machine, which received the stone upon its arrival, and conveyed it to the second step, whence a third machine advanced it still higher. Either they had as many machines as there were steps in the pyramid, or possibly they had but a single machine, which, being easily moved, was transferred from tier to tier as the stone rose - both accounts are given, and therefore I mention both.” Herodotus (5th c. bc) Pyramid construction fulcrum mechanism “After laying the stones for the base, they raised the remaining stones to their places by means of machines formed of short wooden planks. The first machine raised them from the ground to the top of the first step. On this there was another machine, which received the stone upon its arrival, and conveyed it to the second step, whence a third machine advanced it still higher. Either they had as many machines as there were steps in the pyramid, or possibly they had but a single machine, which, being easily moved, was transferred from tier to tier as the stone rose - both accounts are given, and therefore I mention both.” Herodotus (5th c. bc) Pyramid construction ratchet mechanism .